CCM SEM 2

• Categorizing all members of a group as having the same characteristics. Each and every member of a group of people. In doing so, we also tend to exaggerate the differences between groups.
• Selective and inflexible perception
• Often judgmental - either in the positive or in the negative direction
• Often instantaneous

• Categorizing many members of a group as having similar characteristics.
• Flexible perception
• Formulate one or more hypotheses and test them in your new cultural environment

1. Awareness - a beginner's mind
   • An attitude of openness and lack of pre-conceptions when studying a subject
   • Awareness for cultural diversity and differences
   • Respect for the different cultures
   • Awareness for one's own pre-conceptions and stereotypes
   • Awareness for the adverse effects of ethnocentric viewpoints, evaluations and judgements
2. Knowledge - an inquiring mind
   • Interest in learning about a foreign culture
   • Knowledge about the foreign as well as one's own culture
   • Identification of conflicting values and norms
3. Skills - an agile mind
   • Observation skills
   • Intellectual flexibility and ability to change one's perception, opinion, understanding etc.
   • Verbal and non-verbal language skills
   • Ability to emphasize and at the same time to maintain an appropriate emotional distance in order to establish a balanced view of pro and contra
   • Intellectual agility to find a way to reconcile cultural differences

Universalism

• Equality and equal opportunities
• Tolerance for diversity
• At its worst: Overburdening of rules and regulations

Particularism

• High level of flexibility, improvisation talents and outcome oriented pragmatism
• Particularist culture celebrates what is unique and incomparable about people, situations and events
• At its worst: Discrimination, favoritism, chaos

Individualism

• Helps people help themselves
• Self-fulfillment and individual freedom
• Stand out, think different
• At its worst:
  • If everybody is different - society loses social cohesion / loss of social capital / loss of common purpose -> loss of trust
  • Greed, egoism, mercilessness

Communitarianism

• Togetherness, teamwork and solidarity
• A single rod is easily broken, while the bundle is very difficult to break
• At its worst:
  • Lack of individual initiative and slow progress
  • Human sacrifice and out-group demonization

Specificity

• Analyze the problem!
• At its worst: Paralysis through analysis and a great pile of bricks does not make a house

Diffuseness

• Complex interaction
• Makes quality everyone's job
• At its worst: Can lead to total vagueness/missing the point -> misunderstandings

-> Diffuse meets specific: Something you say might be taken personal from the other side and the other way around. Be careful when interacting.

Achievements

• Reflects feats of glory (honoring military service)
• Goes from rags to riches (vom Tellerwäscher zum Millionär)
• At its worst: Growth, growth, growth, optimization, optimization, optimization

Ascription

• Lays strong foundations
• Generates noblesse oblige
• Is a self-fulfilling prophecy
• At its worst: Elevates blue-blooded incompetents, racial profiling, caste system -> cross-generational discrimination and poverty

Inner direction

• "The greatest pleasure in life is doing what people say you cannot do"
• "I am the master of my fate, I am the captain of my soul"
• At its worst: Can lead to highly adversarial culture, in which each party attempts to direct the other in accordance with his/her own values

Outer direction

• emulates the beauties of nature
• gets on the same wavelength
• At its worst: Getting sort of complacent towards things going wrong (burned toast example)

1. Security rights
2. Due process rights
3. Equality rights
4. Liberty rights
5. Political rights
6. Minority and group rights
7. Welfare rights

Security rights

Protection on individual's physical integrity (against punishments such as execution, torture, and arbitrary arrest).

Due process rights

Procedural fairness in law including:

• rule of law
• rights upon arrest
• trial
• basic conditions must be met when imprisoned
• rights to a lawyer
• impartial process in trial

Equality rights

Protection based on gender, religious, racial or other forms of discrimination.

Liberty rights

Individual freedom of,

• belief
• speech
• association
• freedom of press
• right to hold assembly

Political rights

Right to political participation

• organize a political party
• vote
• voice contempt for current political authority

Minority and group rights

Promotion and protection of the rights of persons belonging to national or ethnic, religious and linguistic minorities within a state.

Welfare rights

Right to be protected against severe poverty by receiving access to,

• education
• employment opportunities
• adequate standard of living (covering adequate food, clothing and housing)

Aim is to achieve a growth of 10% in manufacturing through;

• Import substitution by local manufacturing of up to 181 imported products
• Deregulation of a large number of products (especially defense items) from the area of industrial licensing
• Easing FDI limits in several sectors such as telecom, retail, defense, construction, railways

=> Government wants to follow the US model of having the whole defense value chain within the country for times of economic crisis.

• 90% of economic activities happen in the informal sector: not listed, unorganized, poorly capitalized, not taxed, legally unprotected
• 90% of workers work in the grey economy (estimated)
• 2/3 of manufacturing workers employed in the informal sector -> far lower pay than in formal sector
• Labour laws prevent small firms from growing into mid-sized ones, which tend to be formal
  • Small firms want to stay below the radar because of fear of being shaken down by bureaucrats and taxmen
  • Ease of doing business for paying corporate taxes in India is 172 out of 190 worldwide

The new hope: Goods and Services tax (GST)

• Introduced in July 2017
• Businesses must declare purchases + sales to qualify for tax refunds
• Number of registered firms to pay indirect taxes increases from 6 to 10mio within half a year

Electronic payments are a game changer

• Unified Payment Interface (UPI, mainly on WhatsApp) used for financial transactions
• From 0 to 150mio transactions per month within the year of 2017
• Benefits for Indian taxmen: electronic transactions leave a digital trail which makes it harder to do business informally
• Benefits for the Indian government: less corruption and better criminal prosecution thanks to the digital trail

• Indian belief system comes from the religions Hinduism, Buddhism and Sikh which originated in India

3 main gods

• Brahma "Chief Creating Officer" -> god that is creating the physical and non-physical world
• Vishnu "Chief Operating Officer" -> operates the universe
• Shiva "Chief Destruction Officer" -> 

Year 1400

• Europe is a mess with a lot of armed conflicts and uprising going on as well as recuperating from the Black Death which killed 30-60& of Europeans
• China in the meanwhile is rather prosperous as well as the Ottoman empire which was closing in on Constantinople

Year 1913

• "the West" controls 60% of world territory and population and approximately 80% of global economic output
• Asia in the meanwhile has stayed behind drastically, especially compared to the year 1400

-> This development is referred to as The Great Divergence.

1. Individualism
2. Humanism
3. Protestant work ethics

1. The development of autonomous intellectual inquiry
2. The introduction of scientific method of verification and rationalization of research
3. The diffusion of knowledge as well as its commercialization through financial intermediaries, entrepreneurs and sound competition guarded by good government

• 16th century Protestant Reformation -> individual's right to read and to interpret God's word for yourself
• 17th century Era of Enlightenment -> beginning of modern Western rationalism and liberalism. "Apply scientific method"/"Thoughts are free"/"People are free"

1. Individualism
   • Personality trait seen as unique to the West
   • "the view that society is constituted of autonomous, equal units, namely separate individuals and that such individuals are more important, ultimately, than any larger constituent group"
2. Humanism
   • Denies supernaturalism
   • Emphasizes the value and agency of human beings by affirming and encouraging their ability as well as responsibility to lead a meaningful and good life by using reason and ingenuity as opposed to submitting blindly to tradition, authority, superstition.
3. Rationalism
   • Appealing to reason as a source of knowledge or justification. Reason as the main tool used to shape the world, formulate laws, and construct society. Reason to temper or restrain other forces that rule the world, such as dogma, emotion or naked power.
   • Analyze!
4. Liberalism
   • Contributes to:
     • Individual freedom rights: Right to life, liberty and property
     • Transparent legal corpus that limits the power of the group over the individual
     • A market economy that supports free private enterprise

Sinosphere is a region in East Asia which is different economically, ethnically and how the state is organized but nevertheless they belong the the same cultural family influenced strongly by ancient Chinese cultural heritage.

The Sinosphere includes Japan, Korea, Taiwan, Singapore, Hong Kong, China and Vietnam.

Taoism differs from Confucianism by not emphasizing rigid rituals and social order.

• Naturalness
• Spontaneity
• Simplicity
• Wu wei (action without intention)

• Confucianism is basically anti-metaphysical
• No religious organization, nor clergy
• No belief in a specific deity, nor in the existence of life after death