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Cartes-fiches
Possible Case Studys
- A single organisation (Hofstede at IBM)
- A single location (Honda in USA)
- A single event (Swiss grounding)
Evaluating Case Study Design
- big issue concerns external validity, because its impossible to generalize the findings
- stil, many researchers point out that it is the attempt to examine particulars rather than generalize
- may be extended longitudinal or through comparative design (vergleich macht es genereller)
Epistomology vs. Ontology
What is Knowledge? How do we gather knowledge?
What is reality composed of? Ist there an objective reality?
Positivismus
- Natural Science
- Deductive
- Objective
- Difference btw. normativ and scientific
Interpretivism
- "verstehen"
- Hermaneutic-phenomenon logical Tradition
- Symbolic Interaction
- Induction
- Subjectiv
Objectivism vs. Constructivism
- Social phenomena and their meaning are independent and therefore objective
- Reality is constructed
- Everyone sees the world through their own eyes
- Researchers and their objectcs of interest are linked
Types of Theory
- Middle Range Theories (e.g. Explanation why women are underrepresented)
- Grand Theory (e.g. Critical Theory)
Definition of Theory
Explanation of observed regularities
Deduction
1.) Theory
2.) Hypothesis
3.) Data Collection
4.) Findings
Induction
1.) Preliminary Assumptions
2.) Datal Collection
3.) Hypothesis
4.) Theory
Key Characteristics Qualitative vs. Quantitative Research
Understanding of Reality
- is objective vs. is socially constructed
Methods
- deductive, testing of hypothesis, explanators vs. Inductive, Developing Hypothesis, Understand
Analysis
- Controlled conditions, fixed procedures, narrow and precise, focus on numbers vs. Natural conditions, flexible, comprehensive, little measuring
Research Designs
- Experimental Design
- Cross-Sectional Design
- Longitudinal Design
- Case Study Design
- Comparative Design
What is a research design
guides the execution of a research method and the analysis of the data
Qualitative Methods
Qualitative Interviews
- Narrative
- Problem-Centered
- Expert
- Focus Group
Observation
Documents as Data
Beginner Mistakes Interview
- dominant communication style
- suggestive questions
- problems with passive listening
- too rigid handling of interview guide
Kvale's criteria of a successful interviewer
- Structering
- Gentle
- Clear
- Open
- Steering
- Critical
Advantage Observation over Interview
- seeing through other's eyes
- learning the native language
- access to hidden activities
- naturalistic emphasis
Advantage Interview over Observation
- More ethically defensible
- Less intrusive
- Specific focus
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Where to find a subject?
- companies
- own interest
- Problems from practise
- literature
Research Question Hierarchy
1.) Management Dilemma (rising costs)
2.) Management Question (how can they reach targets?)
3.) Research Question
4.) Investigative Question (What do we need to know?)
5.) Measurement Question (What should be asked?)
6.) Management Decision
Criteria for evaluation of research
Reliability
- Study repeatable?
- Measures consistent?
- often an issue with quant.
Validity
- concerned with integrity
- measurement / internal / external / ecological
Objectivity
- independent of researcher
Trustworthiness
- How believable
- apply to other context
- apply at other times
Relevance
- importance in the field
- contribution to the literature
Sampling
Strategic
Snowball Sampling
Theoretical Sampling
