Research Methodology

Invented short dialogues that have to be completed by informants. 
Pro: controlled research design, focus on specific research parameter, elicites more stereotypical responses, reveals cross cultural differences
Con: artificial situation, informants might be unfamiliar with roles, space provided on the sheets contains length, you do not write how you talk, and everything has to be done in one turn
(quantitaive)

People are asked to act out conversations in particular situations. The role- lays are more free than the DTC method. Interactivity is possible and turns are no longer restricted. (oral production)
Pro: controlled research design, focus on specific research parameter, elicits more stereotypical responses, reveals cross cultural differences
con: artificial situation, informants might be unfamiliar with roles, everything has to be done in one turn
(quantitative)

it would have been produced independent of the research aim, it is not influenced by the research (spoken and written text recorded in the field; fieldnotes/notebook, TV series, books, newspapers)

it is produced exclusively for the researcher (interview/questionaire, DTC, role-play, introspection, experiment)

one hour of data or one informant might be enough, longitudal vs. single instance observations 

you want to generalize from your sample to the larger population, you are aiming at representativeness

the choice of informants is completely random, like drawing numbers (lottery) 
sampling is not influenced at all

the population is divided into different groups (e.g gender: woman- man, location, class. age) and within this groups you select randomly. This means that you select from each group a proportional size.
Categorization+ randomization

selecting every nth number of the target group. This means tht in the group you pick the first member randomly and then with a fixed interval you choose the rest of the members. (100 members, interval 5, first choice is member 15, so the next are 20, 25)

randomly select some larger groupings or units of the population (for example schools) and then examine all the students in those selected units

1. Non maleficence: do no harm: there should be no intentional injury or harm to participants as a result of participation
2.Beneficence: Minimize potential harms, maximize expected benefits of the research
3. Respect for autonomy: self rule: A persons freedom of thought and action should be resspected, researches must respect rights of participants who can make descisons to do so and protect those who cannot choose for themseves
4. Justice: Fair balance of risks and benefis (No group should be asked to bear more than their faire share of the burdens of research, or deprived of fair access to the benefits of research (e.g woman)

studies of information patterns on websites or interactions on discussion groups without the researchers actually involving themselves. (he researcher is not a member of the community)

researchers participate in communication for examlpe, to determine the accuracy of responses to healthcare questions on the Usernet. (the researcher is a member of the community)

researchers identify themselves as such and gather information in the form of online semistructured interviews, online focus groups, or internet bases surveys or use the internet to recuit participants for traditional research.
example: sending a maiing list and asking if its ok to use the data

as soon as the researcher is present, the data will be influenced by his presence. the people will for example swear more 

the Pragmatic turn is another way of looking at language developed in history in the 1950. This strand of study of linguistics focuses on the philosophy of the ordinary language looking at its context and action (e.g. the theme of politeness or speech)

the social turn is the last important development in history of how to look at language. Its main idea is to focus on language and society meaning to see language in its social context such as conversation or interaction between different people in different societies.

The aim of qualitative research is to get an interpretation of a specific situation/ a single case. Its features therefore are naturalistic and observational, subjective, descriptive, process- oriented, valid, holistic (studying the whole process) and consisting of ungenerizable single case analysis

the aim of quantitative research is to find a general pattern (without analysing it). Its features are: controlled and experimental (for example the share of woman and men in an experiment is deliberately chosen), inferential (a conclusion is made) and therefore outcome- oriented, particularistic (meaning it is restricted to for example one alanysed phenomenon) and consisting of a generizable aggregate analysis

The purpose of a research question is to define ypur interests ad the aim of what you are going to look at. The research question quides you in terms of what data is needen, what methods to choose and how to analyse the data. Further it helps restricting the research interest to a specific focus. It is the key to the beginning of a project

The research question always needs to be operationalizable. Based on what you find during your process of research the question can slightly change (by adding or refining). Out of the research questions there can be developed further new detailed questions that lead you in a different direction or limit the topic of interest and therefore refine it

Top- down theory: this process is theory- driven and therefore suggests to begin by defining a project and then start finding literature in this field. It is helpful to find key concepts, know what already has been done or needs further exploring.
Bottom- up data: This process is data- driven and therefore works opposite way. You start by finding a field and collecting data about it only then you start to develop a project based on things that triggered you. It is useful as it helps to develop questions and goes beyond imagination
For a successful research both strategies are often combined (Dude)

Electronic corpus whith computerized search. Use of search strings (algorithms), primarily used in descriptive approaches. Pro: very fast and comprehensive search of massive database, empirical data
con: search is restricted to surface phenomena, crative uses of langiuage are difficult to find (quantitative method)

Invented short dialogues that have to be completed by informants. 
Pro: controlled research design, focus on specific research parameter. Elicts more stereotyped responses, reveals cross culuteal differences
cons: arificial situation. Informants might be unfamiliar with roles, space provided on the sheets contains length, you do not write how you talk, and everything has to be done in one turn (quantitative)

People are asked to act out conversations in particular situations. The role- plays are more free than the DTC method. Interactivity is possible and turns are no longer restricted (its an oral product).
Pro: controlled research design, focus on specific research parameter. Elicits more stereotypical responses, reveals cross cultural differences.
con: arificial situation, informants might be unfamiliar with roles, space provieded on sheets constrains length, you do not write how you talk, and everything has to be done in one turn. (quantitative method)

Natural data: it would have been produced independenz of research aim, it i not influenced by the research (spoken and written text recorded in the field; fieldnotes/notebook, TV series, books, newspaper)
Elicited data: it is produced exclusively for the researcher (interview/questionnaire DCT, introspection, experiment)

Top- down approach. Based on introspection of researchers intuition. Used at the beginning of empirical investigation to define the object. 
pro: definition of object of analysis
con: epirical restrictions (Qualitative, quantitive )

Elicits opinions and assessments from speakers of a language variety. Tests native- speaker intuition.
pro: definition of object of analysis, the input is widened
con: empirical restrictions, the speakers tell you what thy think they are doing (quantitative, qualitative)

Fieldnotes of researchers participant observation, team of data collectors (students), ethnographic approach.
Pro: naturally occuring data, sample focussed on research interest
con: observational bias, insufficent recollection of what really happened. Data collector must spot the phenomena (in this case compliment), they must know what a compliment is and they are more likely to include what fits in their preconceived ideas. Depends on the researchers memory. (Qualitative method, when repeated also quantitative)