Psychology

Exam 2 Study Guide

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S. M.

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This flashcard set introduces primary school students to the fundamentals of the nervous system and brain function. It covers key topics like neurons, neurotransmitters, sensory processing, and brain anatomy, including the cortex, hippocampus, and different lobes. The flashcards explain how the brain controls movement, perception, and bodily functions, as well as the roles of various neurotransmitters in mood, memory, and muscle action. This set is ideal for young learners seeking to understand the basics of how the brain and nervous system work, providing a solid foundation for further study in psychology and neuroscience.

Cartes-fiches

125

Utilisateurs

Langue

Anglais

Catégorie

Psychologie

Niveau

École primaire

Créé / Mis à jour

19.10.2014 / 19.10.2014

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diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation

sensory adaptation

retinal receptors that detect black, white, and gray;

necessary for peripheral and twilight vision

rods

retinal receptor cells that are concentrated near the center of the retina and that function in daylight or in well-lit conditions

cones

the theory that the retina contains three diff color receptors

tri-chromatic theory

which color receptors does the trichromatic theory suggest

red

green

blue

the theory that opposing retinal processes enable color vision

ex. some cells stimulated by greed and inhibited by red

opponent-process theory

the chamber between the eardrum and cochlea containing three tiny bones that concentrate the vibrations of the eardrum on the cochlea's oval window

middle ear

the part of the ear that contains the cochlea, semicircular canals, and vestibular sacs

inner ear

coiled, bony, fluid-filled tube in the inner ear

cochlea

outer ear

eardrum

bones in the middle ear

hammer

anvil

stirrup

hair cells in the cochlea do what

transduce signals

a sweet taste indicates

energy

a salty source indicates

essential sodium

sour taste indicates

possible toxic acid

bitter taste indicates

possible poison

umami taste indicates

protein

sense of touch is actually a mix of what skin senses

pressure

warmth

cold

pain

the system for sensing the position and movement of individual body parts

kinesthesis

the sense of body movement and osition, including the sense of balance

vestibular sense

Neuron Anatomy

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Dendrites

Cell Body

Axons

Myelin

Synapse

Steps of Action Potential

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Charge gathers in dendrites

travels down cell body

travels down the axon

causes release of neurotransmitters in to the synapse

neurotransmitters

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serotonin

dopamine

glutamate

GABA

acetylcholine

norepinephrine

3 parts of the central nervous system

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Hindbrain

Limbic System

Cerebral Cortex

Hindbrain is composed of

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brainstem

cerebellum

brainstem composed of

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medulla

pons

limbic system composed of

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amygdala

hippocampus

hyptothalamus

cerebral cortex is composed of

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four lobes

motor, sensory, visual, and auditory cortices

What are the four lobes

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frontal

parietal

temporal

occipital

Who's Phineas Gage?

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Dynamite + iron rod = frontal lobe destruction

Where is the motor cortex located

Frontal lobe

where is the sensory cortex located

Parietal lobe

Where is the visual cortex located

occipital lobe

where is the auditory cortex located

temporal lobe

The peripheral nervous system is made up of what

sympathetic

parasympathetic

Sympathetic part of the peripheral nervous system is also known as

fight and flight

Parasympathetic part of the peripheral nervous system is also known as

rest and digest

3 pieces of selective attention

Inattentional blindness

Change blindness

Hemineglect

our awareness of ourselves and our environment

consciousness

Spontaneous states of consciousness

Daydreaming

Drowsiness

Dreaming

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Cartes-fiches

neurons that carry incoming information from the sensory receptors to the brain and spinal cord

sensory neurons

neurons that carry outgoing information from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles and glands

motor neurons

neurons within the brain and spinal cord that communicate internally and intervene between the sensory inputs and motor outputs

interneurons

the division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the body's skeletal muscles

somatic nervous system

the part of the peripheral nervous system taht controls the glands and the muscles of the internal organs

autonomic nervous system

the division of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations

sympathetic nervous system

the division of the autonomic nervous system that arouses

sympathetic

the division of the autonomic nervous system that calms

parasympathetic

nervous system that controls self-regulated action of internal organs and glands

autonomic

nervous system that controls voluntrary movements of skeletal muscles

somatic

the lobe involved in speaking and muscle movements and in making plans and judgments

frontal lobe

portion of the cerebral cortex lying at the top of the head and toward the rear; receives sensory input for touch and body position

parietal lobe

part of the cerebral cortex lying at the back of the head; includes areas that receive info from the visual fields

occipital lobe

portion of the cerebral cortex lying roughly above the ears; includes the auditory areas, each receiving info primarily from the opposite ear

temporal lobe

part of the brain w ultimate control and info-processing center

cerebral cortex

part of the brain relays messages between lower brain centers and cerebral cortex

thalamus

part of the brain that controls maintenance functions such as eating; helps govern endocrine system; linked to emotion and reawrd

hypothalamus

master endocrine gland

pituitary

part of the brain that helps control arousal

reticular formation

part of the brain that helps coordinate movement

pons

part of the breain that controls breathing and heartbeat

medulla

pathway for neural fibers traveling to and from brain; controls simple reflexes

spinal cord

coordinates voluntary movement and balance and supports memories of such

cerebellum

part of the brain linked to emotion

amygdala

part of the brain linked to memory

hippocampus

cells that protect neurons

glial cells

where is the sensory cortex located

front of the parietal lobes

where is the motor cortex located

rear of the frontal lobe

where is the auditory cortex

temporal lobe

where is the visual cortex

occipital lobe

examples of depressants

alcohol, barbiturates, and opiates

drugs that reduce neural activity and slow body functions

depressants

drugs that speed up body functions

stimulants

what kind of processing is perception

top-down

what kind of processing is sensation

bottom-up

analysis that begins w the sensory receptors and works up to the brain's integration of sensory information

bottom-up

information processing guided by higher-level mental processes, as when we construct perceptions drawing on our experience and expecations

top-down processing

what are the perceptual constancies

color

brightness

shape

the minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus 50% of the time

absolute threshold

color, brightness, and shape are parts of which processing

perceptual

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