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Fichier Détails
| Cartes-fiches | 185 |
|---|---|
| Langue | Deutsch |
| Catégorie | Biologie |
| Niveau | École primaire |
| Crée / Actualisé | 15.04.2015 / 26.05.2015 |
| Lien de web |
https://card2brain.ch/box/organic_plant_production
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Characteristics of grain legumes: untilization, development stage at harvest
- cropped for their seeds
- harvested at maturity
- cropped for human or animal nutrition
- rich in protein and energy
Characteristics of forage legumes: utilization, development stage at harvest, cropping system, growing time
- Whole crop can be fed to animals // green manure
- Harvested before maturity
- Often grwon in mixtures (>>better grazing compensation)
- Grazing or sequential cutting (1-4/year)
- Not self-compatible: break (~5 years)
When is Rizobia inoculation done and how?
Especially if legumes are planted for the first time
>> solid or water suspension
>> seed or soil application
Process of N fixation
1.) Legume roots release Flavonoids as signal
2.) Flavonoids induces expresstion of nodulation genes in the bacteria
3.) Production of species-specific Nod-factor molecules
4.) Nod factor induces nodulate formation and root curling
5.) Bacteria can invade the root hair >> plant provides Malate for bacteria as energy supply > Bacteria releases NH3
Name some common catch crops
Phacelia: phacelia tanacetifolia
Mustard: Sinapis alba
Oil radish: Raphanus sativus
Short Portraits fo main crops from central Europe
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Problems of Oilseed Rape production
- Low N availability after cereal straw input (relativly high N demand)
- Seed dispersal at harvest >> volunteers (long dormancy)
- Fungal diseases
- Damage by insects
- Low frost tolerance (better with lower crop density)
- Sowing time (farmer is busy)
- Menchanical weed control causes weed damage (not very problematic)
Advantages of Oilseed Rape production
- Brings diversity into the rotation
- 11 month soil cover >>prevents from leaching
- Attractive for pollinators
Yield and Yield components of Oilseed Rape
around 4t/ha
- Plants/m2
- Pods/plant
- Seeds/pod
- TKM
Latin name: Couch grass
Elymus repens
Latin name: Field horse tail
Equisetum arvense
Latin name: Canada thisle
Cirsium arvense
Latin name: Dock
Rumex
Latin name: Chamomle
Matricaria chmomilla
Poppy
Papaver rhoeas
R: Plant organs and input/output (pic)
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Difference between plant growth and plant development
Plant growth = increase in plant biomass
Plant development = life cycle / different life stages of a plant (vegetative --> reproductive)
vegetative and reproductive plant parts which are harvested
vegetative: tubers, biomass
reproductive: grains
Growth factors of a plant
- light (intensity)
- temperature
- water
- nutrients
- CO2
Development factors of a plant
- light (wave length, photoperiodism=duration)
- temperature (vernalization (vegetative>>reproductive), come plants need cool temperature)
(- water: germination)
Different seed sturctures
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Difference between germination and emergence
Germination: Processes start in the seed, enzymes are activated, first root is 2mm
Emergence: Once you can see a part of the plant (above the soil)
What is preferred? Fast or slow emergence? Why?
Fast
- better competiveness against weeds
- fast resistance against pest and diseases
- homogenous plant stand
Life cycle of a plant
time periods can vary
Name two selfpollinativ crops
tomatoes, rapeseed
Yiel differences between conventional and organic cereals
~1/3 less in organic
e.g. wheat in EU 7-8t/ha in conv, 4-6t/ha in org.
What is a hybrid variety?
A cross between two lines >> heterosis effects (higher yield)
R: Differences between sugar beets and sugar cane
sugar beet: - high input required (>> nearly no org.)
sugar cane: -lower sugar contens
- on the same field for several years (perennial)
total sugar yield is the same
Where are most of the cereals originated from?
the middle east
Development stages of wheat I
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