Lab 14
gross anatomy of brain and cranial nerves
gross anatomy of brain and cranial nerves
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What three places are the dural layers not fused together?
Falax cerebri - dips into the longitudinal fissure between the cerebral hemispheres to attach to the crista galli of the ehtmoid bone of the skull. Which creates the SUPERIOR SAGITTAL SINUS that collects blood draining from brain tissue
FALX CEREBELLI - seperates the two cerebellar hemispheres
TENTORIUM CEREBELLI - separates the cerebrum from the cerebellum below.
What is the middle menix?
ARACHNOID MATTER - underlies dura matter and is very weblike
What is the partially separated space between the arachnoid matter and dura matter called?
Subdural space -
What attaches the arachnoid mater to the innermost menix?
threadlike projections.
What is the inner most menix called?
Pia mater - very delicate and highly vascular. Clings tenaciously to the surface of the brain following convulsions.
What is the space between the arachnoid and pia matter called?
Subarachnoid space.
What is the subarachnoid space filled with? What specialized tissue does it hold?
Cerebrospinal fluid. Arachnoid granulations - or arachnoid villi that have specialized projections that protrude through the dura matter.
What is the function of the arachnoid granulations?
Allow the cerebrospinal fluid to drain back into the venous circulation via the superior sagittal sinus and other dural sinuses.
Describe Meningitis
Inflamation of the meninges - a serious threat to the brain because of the intimate association between the brain and the meninges. Should infection spread to the neural tissue of the brain, life-threatening encephalitis may occur. Meningitis is often diagnosed by taking a sample of cerebrospinal fluid from the subarachnoid space.
What forms a cushion around the brain, and how?
The Cerebrospinal fluid. It's composition is similar to plasma. It is in and around the brain to form a water cushion that protects the delicate brain tissue against blows to the head.
What produces the CSF?
The choroid plexuses, which are small capillary knots hanging from the roof of the ventricles of the brain.
Describe the path of the CSF in the brain.
It circulates from the two lateral ventricles into the third ventricle via the INTERVENTRICULAR FORAMINA and then through the cerebral aqueduct of the midbrain into the fourth ventricle in the hindbrain. It then enters the subarachnoid space through the three foramina in the walls of the fourth ventricle. There it bathes the outer surfaces of the brain and spinal cord. The fluid returns to the blood in the dural sinuses via the arachnoid granulations.
Which two cranial nerves do not arise from the brain stem?
Olfactory and optic - nerves II and I
Which three nerves are primarily sensory?
Optic, olfactory, vestibulocochlear
Which nerves are primarily motor?
Oculomotor, trochlear.
What are the two parts of the brain, and what do they contain?
CNS - central nervous system - brain and spinal cord
PNS - peripheral nervous system - cranial and spinal nerves, ganglia and sensory receptors.
What are the two major subdivisions of the PNS?
Sensory portion - nerve fibers that conduct impulses towards the CNS (afferent)
Motor protion - contains nerve fibers that conduct impulses away from the CNS (efferent).
What are the two major subdivisions of the CNS?
Somatic division - the volunary system that controls the skeletal muscle
Automatic nervous system (ANS) - controls the smooth and cardiac involuntary nervous system.
What subdivision of what main division contains the parasympathetic and sympathetic fibers?
The autonomic nervous system of the CNS.
What are the four major regions of the brain?
Cerebral hemispheres, diencephalon, brain stem and cerebellum.
What are the cerebral hemispheres?
The most superior protion of the brain.
Define gyri
Elevated ridges of tissues
Define Sulci
Shallow grooves
Define fisures
Deeper grooves
What anatomical landmark divides the two hemispheres of the brain?
Longitudinal fissure.
What anatomic landmark divides the front and parietal lobe?
The central sulcus.
What anatomicl features separates the temporal lobe from the parietal lobe?
Lateral sulcus.
What anatomical feature divides the occipital lobe from the parietal lobe?
Parieto-occipital sulcus.
What is the insula?
A lobe of the cerebral hemispheres that are burried deep within the lateral sulcus and is covered by portions of the temporal, parietal, and front lobes.
What area process WHERE impulses traveling from the body's sensory receptors came from? Where is it located?
The primary somatosensory corex. Located in the postcentral gyrus of the parietal lobe.
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