Lernkarten
Lingua Franca
a language that is used for communication by people who do not share a common native language
Minimal Pairs
words that differ in just one sound in the same position
e.g. hit, fit
Motivation
semantic transparency, meaning of the whole word can be deduced from the meaning of its parts
e.g. teapot
Opaqueness
opposite of transparent
e.g. breakfast <to break the fast>
Blocked/Unique Morphemes
Certain morhpemes are used in one word-formation only {Mon-] in Monday {cran-] in cranberry
Portmanteau morpheme
Whenevery an element of language contains the meaning of more that one morpheme but cannot be divided into different morphemes on a formal level, it's called portmanteau morpheme.
e.g. took combines {take} and {-D} but cannot be divided into two morphemes on a formal level
Productivity
productive morphemes:
{-er} for agentive nouns --> singer, dancer, teacher
unproductive/nonproductive morphemes:
{-the} for derivation Adj --> noun length, width
Perspectives within phonetics
1. articulatory phonetics: production of sounds, what to do in our mouth
2. acoustic phonetics: transmission of sounds, physica qualities e.g. volume, duration, frequency
3. auditory phonetics: perception of sounds, intake through the ear, processing in the brain
Linguistic Sign
Ferdninand de Saussure
[tri¦] expression signifiant sound pattern
Bild meaning signifié concept
Baum
there is no internal link between the sound shape and the meaning of the linguistic sign.
Noam Chamsky
Competence- Performance
Competence: the knowledge we have of the language we grow up with
Performance: the speech we actually produce
Me Tarzan, You Jane
Opposition pairs
like competence and performance
descriptive-prescriptive: factual language use/ binding rules for correct use of the language
synchronic-diachronic: language at a specific point of time/ language changes over time
Non-constrastive-constrastive: monolingual-one language in focus/ languages are compared and contrasted
Main periods of history of English
Old English 450(700)-1100
Middle English 1100-1500
Early Modern English 500-1700
Modern English ab 1700
Old English
Germanic tribes arrive from the middle of the fifth century
-mostly Germanic word-stock
-fully inflected
-inflections begin to be levelled
Early Modern English
introducing of printing into England by William Canxton in 1476
spread of English around the world starts (Colonisation)
-Great Vowel Shift
-Standarisation and regularisation
-large-sclae borrowing from Latin, Greek, French and other European languages
Middle English
Norman Conquest in 1066 --> start Renaissance--> End
-enormous influx of French vocabulary
-levelld inflections
-Great Vowel Shift starts
Modern English
English as a global language
-almost no inflections
-borrowing from many languages world-wide
Latin loan words
street, wall, wine, kitchen
dorchester, Lancester..
abbot, altar, candle, pope (Christianizing)
Latin as the base for most of the French words
benefit, demonstrate, expensive, modest (Renaissance)
Scandinavian loan words
Place names; -by, -thorpe, -thwaite, -toft
words starting with <sk>
words of daily life: egg, husband, ill, knife, law, take
function words: they, them, their
French loan words
Government and Administration: crown, empire, majesty, parliament
Ecclesiastical words: abbey, cloister, religion, saint, virgin
Law: crime, judgement, justice, prison
Army and Navy: battle, enemy, soldier
Lifestyle, Fashion, Meal and Social Life: appetite, beef, feast, jewel, leisure
Art, Learning, Medicine: beauty, chapter, literature, music, poet
