SoSe16 Int. Environmental Economics and Int. Political Issues
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Kartei Details
Karten | 10 |
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Sprache | Deutsch |
Kategorie | VWL |
Stufe | Universität |
Erstellt / Aktualisiert | 23.05.2016 / 25.05.2016 |
Lizenzierung | Keine Angabe |
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III.1 Market Failure
- non-rival -> under-provision of Public Goods
- non-exclusion -> Tragedy of Commons/Allmende: overuse
- Externalities
III.2 Envionment as a public good
Problem No. 1: under-provision of public good
- each player gets an equal share but cooperators have to additionally bear the costs of their contributions
- free-ride problem
-> leads to rational/dominating solution "no investments"
-> leads to a deadlock in a state of mutual defection
Solution: public goods should not be allocated through the market merchanism, in orde to prevent a misallocation of ressources
III.3.1 Environment as a common good
Problem No.2: Tragedy of the Commons
"When doing what's good for u isn't good for u." - Hardin 1968
- Private optimum:
- Average Revenue = Marginal Private Cost
- 2€(48-2A production function) = 8 private costs => A=22
- Social optimum:
- Marginal Revenue = Marginal Private Cost
- Profit: Pi= 2€*A*(48-2A)-8A
- Pi'= 88-8A = 0 => A**=11
III.3.2 Environment as a common good
Problem No.2: Tragedy of the Commons
-> 2 Solutions
- Regulating the use of the resource
- Creating and allocating property rights to the resource
III.4 Conclusion
- enviroment as public good: 1. non-rivalry and 2. non-excludability
-> market failure: free-riding -> under-provision - enviroment as common good: -> overuse
Governmental intervention is required.
I.1 The natural environment
- closed environmental system -> we have neg. externalities
- Y= F(K,L) -> Y=F(K,L,E)
- rise of waste, which is discharged into the natural environment
I.2 The Energy Chain
- Primary energy sources: occur in the nature, mostly not directly useful -> convesion into
- Secondary energy sources / End-energy: are transported to the "consumers"
- Useful-energy: heat, hot water, light, sound
- Energy services: warm rooms, hot water, lighting rooms
I.3.1 Renewable vs. Non-Renewable
RE-Problems
flow-resources vs. stock-resources
- difference lies in whether the level of current use affects future availability
- RE-Problems:
- high costs
- acceptance prob
- installation and grid costs
- volatility
- storage
- pump-storage-hydro-powerstation
- high costs