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how to monitor?
traditional: point measurements
- loss of information with respect to space variability
advanced: distributed in time and space
- remote sensing
how to monitor?
- traditional: point measurements
- loss of information with respect to spacial (and temporal) variability
- advanced: measurements distributed in time and space
- remote sensing
measurements are possible for:
- rainfall
- soil moisture
- vegetation cover
- land use
- thematic maps
problems of measurements by remote sensing:
low penetration of the ground: ca 5-10 cm
what does radar mean?
RAdio Detecting And Ranging
how does a weather radar work?
- emission and reception of el mag waves
- backscattering from objects
- reflectivity (Z)
- Z is dependent on Drop Seize Distribution (DSD)
- Z is converted to precipitation depth
why monitoring?
- to avoid inaccurate forecasting (due to inaccurate data base)
- understand processes
- build models
- verify modeling results
advanced methods in hydrology can....
- reproduce nature's behavior
- maximise the efficiency of planning
- minimise the risk of failure
- analyse interaction with other systems
