Grammar in use
Anglistik,
Anglistik,
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Cartes-fiches
colligation
1. the occurrence of a lexical item with a grammatical pattern
2. subtype of collocation
collocation
the stastical tendency of certain words to co-occur
What is grammar?
1)A set of rules in human brain
2) a central area to linguistics divided in syntanx and morphology
3) a branch of linguistics that deals with the form of words and their arrangements
Syntactic function - subject
Most sentence have a subject (excl. imperatives)
typically noun phrase
Subject properties
- the doer of actions (semantics)
- left most constituent
- typically a NP
- prepositional phrase
Realization:3
→ This dress looks great on you. NP (very common)!
→ [Getting complements] is nice. Clause!
→ [After eleven] is a bad time to call! !PP!(rare)
LIGHT SUBJECT CONSTRAINT!
English prefers less complicated subjects
predicate
- says something about what the subject is doing
- usually VP
predicator
only verb (possibly with auxiliaries)
Complementation
process of complementing the verb
Intransitive
no complementation
Obligatory complementazion- direct object
she opened it
i love him
obligatory compementation- indirect object
- recipent or beneficary
- NP
- precedes direct object
- she gave me good advice
- she lent him the keys
complement
- telling us more about subject
- information oftrn obligatory
- needs a certain type of noun
subject compliment
- subject linked with subject complement by copular verbs
- additinal info. about the subject
- attributive complement: describes attribute or property
Object complement
- describes object
- usually Np or advP
intransitive
S-V
monotransitive
S-V-Od
Ditransitive
S-V-Oi-Od
copulative
S-v-Sc
Complex-transitive
S-V-Od-Oc
→ LOCATIVE AND TEMPORAL COMPLEMENTS
obligatory adjuncts
she is under the table
PP COMPLEMENTS OF PREPOSITIONAL VERBS
Prepositional verbs=verbs which have a use where they require a particulartype ofprepositional phrase as their complement!
→ e.g.!apply for x, take on x,borrow x from y,+etc.!
→ may be transitive or intransitive
catenative verb
verbs that can be followed directly by another verb — the second verb variously in the to-infinitive, bare infinitive, or present participle / gerund form.
moods of clause
- declaraive
- interrogative
- imperative
- exclamative
Complement
* information is often important obligatory
* needs a certain type of noun
* “William was a king of England.” close link between noun and complement
Modifier
* can be left out more easily
* information is not as important
* “William was a king of considerable intelligence.” “king” could be substituted with “person/man”, not such a close link
Relative clause
* modifier (post-head)
* introduced by a relative pronoun
* This is the key which she found. That’s the place where we first met.
who
mainly humans subject/object
whom
mainly humans object ! formal only!
whose
anything genitive
which
non-human subject/object
that
anything subject/object
where
area/position adjunct
when
period/movement adjunct
why
reason adjunct
!! that can be a….
Subordinator
Determinative
Pronoun
Relative pronoun
etc… no comma before “that”!
Restrictive (defining) relative clause
Restrictive: My brother who works for the UN lives in Geneva. -> essential info
- Defining
- Necessary information
- No commas
- Not usually after proper nouns
- Not as additional comments
- Shorter and more common
- Modifier
- That and zero relative
non-restrictive (non-defining) relative clause
Non-restrictive: My brother, who works for the UN, lives in Geneva. -> non-essential info
- non-defining
- extra information
- commas
- after proper nouns
- provide additional comments
- not with that or zero relative
- longer and less common
- peripheral dependent
“Reduced” Relative Clause
Who’s the girl who is dancing with your brother?
-> Who’s the girl dancing with your brother?
Students who are found smoking will be reported.
-> Students found smoking will be reported.
Sentential Relative Clause
He walks for an hour each morning, which would bore me.
->relates to whole sentence
->comma!
