Geography SL IB Terminology

Births per 1000 women, aged 15 – 49 years

• Average number of births per 1000 women of child bearing age
• Sum of age specific birth rates

Birth rate for a region, assuming the age composition is the same as that of the entire country

Births per 1000 women of a specific age group

• Anyone who can have a child (between puberty and menopause)
• Usually between 15-49 years old

Nr. of deaths in children under the age of 5 per1000 live births

* miscarriages, abortions, stillborn not included in above statistics

Nr of deaths of infants less than 1 year of age per 1000 live births
 

* miscarriages, abortions, stillborn not included in above statistics

Average Number of years expected to live , from birth, if demographic factors do not change.

government policies increase the birth rate

government policies decrease the birth rate

Killing of infants right after they are born

• Measurable characteristics of the population
• DEMOGRAPHICS
• E.g. Ethnicity, age, sex, language, religion, occupation etc.

Length of time taken for population to double, assuming growth rate remains constant
Approximate Doubling Time (in years) =
        70
% growth rate

Predictions about the future of a population based on FERTILITY, MIGRATION and MORTALITY TRENDS.

Nr. Of people aged > 65 years per 100 people aged 20 to 64
 

• The consequences of demographic events that occurred in the past.
• E.g. Large birth rates after WWII, leading to large(ish) birth rates around 25 years later, when those baby boom children are at child bearing age.

• Tendency for population to continue growing (or decreasing) despite fall (or rise) in birth rates
• Due to high (or low) concentration of people of child bearing age.

Natural Increase Rate

• Movement of people
• Involving change resistance
•  
• Can be internal, external/international, voluntary or forced
• Does not include temporary circulations such as commuting or tourism

• A person fleeing their home country
• Due to prosecution, natural disaster, political reasons, Conflict, danger etc.

Person seeking refuge in another country

• Person fleeing home, but remaining within borders of country
• Reasons like those of Refugee

People who enter another country without permission (NO VISA)

• Person seeking job opportunities in new country
• Migrant worker?

• People migrating to places with other, similar people (of same religion, ethnicity, country etc.)
• People learn of econ opportunities through others
• Creates migration patterns

Country with a low level of material wealth

Developing World

The collection of all such countries

~5 billion people

No universally accepted way to determine which countries count as developing vs. developed

Economic measures e.g. GDP per capita often used

World Bank - developing countries  -GNI per capita of less than $11,905(includes several easterneuropeancountries).

The term 'developing country' has a number of weaknesses.

Connotation that Western economic life should be the goal of all countries

Alternative names: 'the third world', 'the global south', 'less economically developed countries’, 'poor countries'.

Worst off = 'least developed countries' or LDCs.

very badly off compared to a fixed standard

much worse offrelative to a reference group

• Technicalterm for severe level of absolute poverty
• (People have great difficulty meeting basic needs forfood,water,shelter,sanitationandhealthcare.)
• TheWorld Bank - living below $1.25 poverty line
• Adjustedto local living costs (GDP)Power Purchasing Parity
• ~1.4 billion people live below the $1.25 poverty line
• ~2.5 billion live below the $2 a day poverty line.
•  
• Note that the poverty lines mentioned above were introduced in 2008 and replace the 1993 $1 a day and $2 a day poverty lines.
   

• Tradepolicy
• Allows trade between different organizations or countries
• No governmental interference (subsidies, taxes, tariffs, or other barriers)
• System offree trade agreementsbetween countries
• Require that a country does not create trade barriers to favour its local industries over those in the other countries bound by the agreement.
• Socialmovement
• Promoting sustainability
• Social,Ethical,Environmentalresponsibility (companies taking responsibility for wider impact of their business)
• Dedicated to helping producers in developing countries
• Seen as an attempt to fix/address problems of free trade
• The largest practical effects :
  Certification of products e.g. coffee, chocolate and handicrafts that have been produced withgood labour standards,sustainable farmingpractices, and with aguaranteed sale price for the producer.
• WTO – regulates much of free trade.
• Has the potential to producelargeoveralleconomicbenefits
• Controversy over how benefits are distributed
• Tendency of production to move to countries with the lowest environmental or workplace standards.
   

Group of Eight
Forum for world's most powerful countries:Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Russia, the UK and the USA.
Annual events
Important opportunity for countries to discuss world affairs, they have received a lot of attention from aid campaigners.

Gross National Income
Goods +services+invisiblegoods/Population
Adjusted for exports etc

Gross Domestic Product
Goods + services/Population
Within country
EU main indicator
Demonstrates economic wealth

Gross National Product
Goods +services+invisiblegoods/Population
UN and US main indicator