Lernkarten

1.) Treaties

2.) Legislation

3.) Rulings / Landmark cases

a.) Van Gend & Loos (26/62) landmark case, about the right to use EU law in & by national courts – i.e. direct effect

By creating the EC – the member states have created an supranational order + power to make laws, these laws come down again to MS’s: EU law prevails over national law!

a.) Regulation – binding in its entirety, and directly applicable in all member states

Regulation --> EU-Citizen (Ignoring Member States)

b.) Directive – binding as to the result to be achieved, leave to the national authorities the choice of form and method. (Also known as Harmonization law) Not directly applicable

Directive --> Member States --> EU-Citizen

c.) Decision – binding in its entirety, specifies those to whom it is addressed shall be binding only to them.

d.) Recommendations

e.) Opinions

a+b+c= “hard law”

d+e = “soft law”

…means that the measure automatically becomes law in each Member States on the date specified. The consequence of this is that there is no requirement for the state to implement the measure.

Subsidiarity principle – Decisions should be taken as closely to the citizen as possible

Proportionality principle – All decisions should be based on proportional means

Legal certainty – Predictability of ruling

Principle of Direct effect – enforceable of EU law in / by national courts (enables individuals to immediately invoke European law before courts)

Principle of Equality – The concept of equal treatment or non-discrimination

Natural Justice – The ECJ has on occasions referred to it simply as « fairness ». It consists of the right of being heard and the right of a fair and unbiased hearing.

Protection of Human Rights

Pillar 1: it represents all of the common provisions of the existing Community and while these are widened as above includes also all of the objectives of the original treaties. It also set out the basic aims of the newly formed union.

Pillar 2: Concerns adoption of a common foreign and security policy. The general obligation on Member States was one of “loyalty and mutual solidarity and to refrain from any action contrary to those objectives”. Any actions taken would be on the basis of a unanimous vote in Council.

Pillar 3: Cooperation in justice and home affaires

It concerns sensitive issues like immigration and asylum seeking.

→Pillar 2 and 3 were beyond legal scope and not legally enforceable.

• Free movement of Goods – Title lll, art. 28
• Free movement of Persons – Title IV, art. 45
• Free movement of Services – Title IV, art. 56
• Free movement of Capital - art. 63

is a treaty to which three or more sovereign states are parties

French expression for all the law in “Europe”

A bundle of legislation which have to be adopted by a country/future member states