ETH Grundlagen der Biologie IA

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This flashcard set covers fundamental concepts in biology at the university level, focusing on population dynamics, genetic variation, and natural selection. It explores topics like hybridization, homology, and the role of environmental factors in evolution, using examples from organisms like mice and wheat. The set is particularly useful for students studying evolutionary biology, as it helps them understand key principles and mechanisms driving genetic diversity and adaptation in populations.

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In the mid-1900s, the Soviet geneticist Lysenko believed that his winter wheat plants, exposed to ever-colder temperatures, would eventually give rise to ever more cold-tolerant winter wheat. His attempts were most in agreement with the ideas of

Hutton.

Cuvier.

Lamarck.

Darwin.

Plato.

To observe natural selection's effects on a population, which of these must be true?

One must observe individual organisms undergoing adaptation.

Membe of the population must increase or decrease the use of some portion of their anatomy.

The population must contain genetic variation.

One must observe more than one generation of the population, and members of the population must increase or decrease the use of some portion of their anatomy.

One must observe more than one generation of the population, and the population must contain genetic variation.

Which of the following must exist in a population before natural selection can act upon that population?

Variation among individuals caused by environmental factors

Sexual reproduction

Genetic variation among individuals

Variation among individuals caused by environmental factors, and sexual reproduction.

Genetic variation among individuals, variation among individuals caused by environmental factors, and sexual reproduction.

Which of the following statements most detracts from the claim that the human appendix is a completely vestigial organ?

The appendix might have been larger in fossil hominids.

The appendix can be surgically removed with no immediate ill effects.

Individuals with a larger-than-average appendix leave fewer offspring than those with a below-average-sized appendix.

In a million years, the human species might completely lack an appendix.

The appendix has a substantial amount of defensive lymphatic tissue.

Which of these conditions should completely prevent the occurrence of natural selection in a population over time?

The population lives in a habitat where there are no competing species present.

All variation between individuals is due only to environmental factors.

The environment is changing at a relatively slow rate.

The population size is large.

Which of the following pairs of structures is least likely to represent homology?

The mitochondria of a plant and those of an animal

The hemoglobin of a baboon and that of a gorilla

The wings of a bat and the arms of a human

The wings of a bird and those of an insect

The brain of a cat and that of a dog

Two closely related populations of mice have been separated for many generations by a river. Climatic change causes the river to dry up, thereby bringing the mice populations back into contact in a zone of overlap. Which of the following is not a possible

They interbreed freely and produce fertile hybrid offspring.

They no longer attempt to interbreed.

They interbreed in the region of overlap, but produce sterile offspring.

They remain separate in the extremes of their ranges but develop a persistent hybrid zone in the area of overlap.

They interbreed in the region of overlap, producing an inferior hybrid. Subsequent interbreeding between inferior hybrids produces progressively superior hybrids over several generations.

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ETH Grundlagen der Biologie IA

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