Englisch Textanalyse

- coherence at the global level

- overall unity of a discourse sequence

- global meaning of a passage

- meanings assigned to text in processes of interpretation and the meanings derived from the local meaning of words and sentences

- in addition to the meanings of words and sentences, world knowledge (extralinguistic knowl.) affects the reader's ability to understand a piece of text as a coherent whole

- procedural knowledge (knowing how)

- declarative knowledge (knowing what)

• linguistic knowledge: pre-existing knowledge about the language, co-textual knowledge gained from text, social knowledge (genre, text type, etc)
• extralinguistic knowledge: pre-existing knowledge about various domains, knowledge acquired from the text

the statement being argued (a thesis)

also: thesis statement, opinion, assertion, premise, proposition

the data, facts or evidence to prove the argument

also: reasons, evidence, supporting points, examples, citations/expert's opinions

the general, often implicit, statements that serve as bridges between the claim and the data

implicit assumptions that support the warrants by answering different questions

statements that limit the strength of the argument or statements that propose the conditions under which the argument is true

counter-arguments and their answers or statements indicating circumstances when the general argument does not hold true

- discussed by Kant

- background knowledge used to make sense of experience

- set of concepts co-activated depending on the context

- "global patterns of events and states in ordered sequences linked by time proximity and casuality." (B&D)

- proposed by Minsky to represent fixed structures of knowledge (stereotypical situations)

- allows coherence to be imposed on incoming info

- packets of info similar to a film frame

- exemplify typical instances or cases

- inherit default assumptions that can be displaced when more specific info is available

- global patterns containing commonsense knowledge about central concepts (e.g. birthday parties)

- predict behavior in specific situations/frames

- frame-like structures representing sequences of expected actions or events (similar to a film)

- established plans called up fequently to specify the roles of participants and their expected actions

- allow us to fill in or infer scenes or actions that are not explicitly mentioned

- titles and headings

- white space

- numerical and alphabetical lists

- typeface, including:

• font size
• font type
• font features

- margins, indenting, white space between paragraphs

- tables and visuals (charts, illustrations, photographs)

- color, columns, frames, symbols (arrows etc)

• layout and design features (appearance)
• headings at different levels
• recognizable without reading the text
• traditional and/or expected characteristics
• agreed upon by discourse community
• economical or unambiguous communication
• genre-specific conventions

• titles of books, articles, texts
• chapters, sections, paragraphs
• closed class words excluded if possible
• elliptic structures ("telegraph style")
• special typeface/fonts/effects
• spacing (center, right-justified, white space)
• conventions specific to genre and/or publisher

• lists and parallelism
• predictive devices
• reading path / organization / logical development
• pronoun and determiner deixis
• explicit indicators of syntactic relations (cj, A)
• distinction between original text, direct speech and reported speech
• inter- and intra-textual references

words that share a common semantic property

exact repetitions and inflectional (e.g. plural form) variants of same word

partial repetitions and derivational variants of same word

general term or larger whole (if it's used and a more specific word follows) / "overterm"

specific type of general term / "underterm"

part of a larger whole (supernym)

words with the same dictionary meaning

words with "opposite" meaning

phrase with same meaning as a word

producer of texts (writer)

words and phrases referring to the same thing or person in the text

substiution of one word for another word closely associated with it

substitution of one word for another that it is a part of or vice versa.

- effect for cause: It's a slow road.

- object for user. The press is responsible for...

- substance for form: Do they take plastic?

- place for event: Fukushima has changed...

- institution for people: No. 10 has not yet...

- producer for product: She owns a Picasso...

- part for whole (meronym to refer to supernym): We need two hired hands.

- whole for part (supernym to refer to meronym): Switzerland won the game.

- species for genus (hyponym to refer to supernym): Can you hoover the hall=

- genus for species (supernym to refer to hyponym): Stupid animal!