Englisch Studies - Yule

connection between a word's meaning and its sound or form, relation between linguistic signs and object in the world. Animal langugage rellation between sign and message (ex: no-smoking sign)

humans create always new expression (inifnite), not possible for animals, limited feature of animal communication (ex: Computer)

language is passed from one generation to the other. Humans do not inherit language (ex: girl out in the forest, no language), but nimals do theyare born with a set of specific signals (ex: Miau when cat is hungry)

to consider how I use language, reflect about what we said, Interpretation of interpretation, we think about the use of language and think about itself. Only human do! (ex: what did I say)

words come from Latin and have their origin in Greek. (ex: school from scholar)

innovation of totally new words (Aspirin, Vaseline)

new words based on a name of a person or a place (Watt - James Watt)

taking words from another language (piano, Itlaian), loan translation: dircet translation of a word (Übermensch -->Superman)

combination of two seperate words that build a new word (smoke+fog=smog) (gasoline+alcohol=gasohol) --> New product made of these two

When a word is reduced to a shorter form (gasoline: gas, mathematics: math) hypocorism: a longer word is reduced to a single syllable (Moving picture: movie)

Change of the function, noun becomes a verb without any reduction (the guess, I guess)

Words function is reuced to another type (ex: editor --> edit)

New word formed from the initial letter of a set of other words (Compact Disc: CD, Nasa, atm)

Common word formation process (Verfahren der Wortbildung), made of "bits" --> affixes (prefixes, suffixes, ex: be-greifen)

Can stand allone and cannot be divided into smaller meaning units. (tour --> tourist, open --> reopened) Element of the linguistic message (talk-ed, -ing, -s) endings are bound morphemes, that cannot stand allone

Words (verbs, nouns) that carry the content of the message we convey (mitteilen) --> free morphemes (ex:girl, man, house)

Element of the linguistic message (talk-ed, -ing, -s) endings are bound morphemes, that cannot stand allone

use morphemes to create new words (ex: care --> careful), changes grammatical category

to show singular or plural, present or past, never changes the grammatical category, never changes the meaning (adjective --> comperative, possessive ex: my sister's, i liked)

a group of different morphs (ex: Ficsch - Fische = Plural Allomorph) any of the variant forms of a morpheme. (morphs)=forms used to realize morphemes (cats=cat-s)

Affixes at the beginning of a word, changes the meaning (ex: un-, mis-understand)

Affixes at the end of the word, changes the grammatical category (-less,-ish, careful-ness)

emotional expression, infixed element (un-fucking-believable)

natural gender: sex (male / female), grammatical gender: type of noun (masculine / feminine)

telling what people should do in English. The structure of the sentence is similar to Latin. (ex: woman should have long hair)

describing what people do, non-eupoean language, North America structure of the language (ex:Woman have long hair) 

Distribution (Verteilung) in forms in a language, ex: test frames, grammatical category, Latin influence

show how small constituents (Bestandteil) go together from larger constituents

noun phrase, verb phrase... noun article, adjective, verb, preposition, adverb, pornouns, conjunction

joining two seperate words to produce one single word (ex. fingerprint, goodlooking)