Englisch Studies - Trudgill

Social class-accents, or -dialects, social barrier between dialects -->religion, race, age, geographical reason, most localized accent = lowest social class, correlation between social class and using -s in the 3rd person, social differences are bigger than regional (ex: India-->castes)

Method for social dialects: not possible to generalise speaker to their social class group, but speaker of of certain class are not random, idolects->The language variety unique to a single speaker of a language is called an idiolect, are random

a group of people who share a common language, interest, background, living place, origin, race, religion. This can change or come to live or disappear. The differences are mor grammatical, lexical (ex. african american, jewish, religous problem, clothes)

Study of American Venecular English, reason: influence of British English --> slaves, geographic, african language background. Now white dialects of the AAVE is a result of the independence developement.

African spoke when they came to America, reduced mixed language (ex: no 3rd person sigular --> she real nice, she like, she be nice and happy

-I have talked (standard) --> I done talked

-Question inversion

-negative auxiliary preposition: Can't nobody do nothing

=physical diffenrence between male and female in animals (human, female / male)

- Words for male and female people (ex: cow / bull, cat / tomcat, actor / actress)

- Grammatical gender: der,die,das, le /la French, el / la Spanish

- Adjective endings: French --> bon / bonne

-Verb endings: French --> elle est allée

-lexical differences. --> taboo words; fuck shit

covert prestige: men morre mainstream words, non-standard, lower class variation, pressure of group, solidarity, powerful

ouvert prestige: woman expected to behave in a better way, role as a mother, higher class variation, more sensistive,grammatical correct

= is a variety of language used for a purpose or in a particular social setting. Speaking in a formal setting in contray to an informal setting. (informal:  nonstandard words like ain't, dad) (formal : father, correct grammar. We don't speak the in the same way to our sister as to our students, or in our working place.

It depends on audience, topic, puspose, and location (who, what, why, where)

Formal writing in serious textsand situations (ex: passive voice, essay, speech, article, reports, ) vs. informal = slang, natural language (ex: everyday conversation, personal letters, family, friends)

social difference and distance, depending on adressee, polite form, T-usage vs. V-usage in conversation both use the same

a linguistic term in which, there are two closely related languages, one of high prestige (used by government, formal texts) and one of low prestige (usually spoken, natural). They exist side by side (ex: hochdeutsch, schweizerdeutsch)

Switchind between two or more languages in the context of a single conversation. Instant switching: (mehr vertraut) , two identity at once used to communicate

problem of language choice; depending on situation and topic

Children have to learn the structure of a conversation (ex: only one talks, right to speak, rules, silence, interrupting, questions are followed by answers)

cross-cultural differences in conversation, (ex. we expect one who answers the phone first--> Japan opposite, or Carribean everyone talks at once)

in many cultures very careful, indirectness more frequently in society with hirarchical structure, more women --> less power than men

Women interpret men insensistive and self-absorbed

linguistic diversity in a society, speaks more than one language, consequence ---> speaker never becomes billingual (ex: Switzerland)

Disadvantage: difficult for national oragnisations, difficult if the language has no similarities, educational problem of minority and how to be a member, political disadvantage, languages forbidden in school, minorities want more power and independence

Advantage: Similar language in education, second language as a medium, biligual policy, benefits from minorities, encourage, choice of language

an individual person uses more than one language fluently

problem when a new language appears in in a monolingual country (Germany), bigger minorities have a bigger influence of a new official language

language is a symbol of a group identitiy (ex: ireland minority irish less and less --> national symbol)