DEH 103: Histology & Embryology

Chapter 2: Structure and Function of Cells, Tissues, and Organs

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Kelsie Orndorff

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Kelsie Orndorff

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This flashcard set delves into the intricate world of histology and embryology at a university level, focusing on cells, tissues, and organ systems. It covers the structure and function of various systems like the nervous, muscular, skeletal, and vascular systems, as well as the types of muscle tissue, blood cells, and bone cells. The flashcards also explore the growth and characteristics of cartilage and the classifications of connective tissue. Medical students and professionals will find this flashcard set invaluable for understanding the fundamental building blocks of the human body and their roles in health and disease.

Cartes-fiches

Utilisateurs

Langue

Anglais

Catégorie

Médecine

Niveau

Université

Créé / Mis à jour

01.01.2014 / 01.01.2014

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What are 3 types of bone cells?

Osteocytes: cell of the bone
Osteoblasts: bone forming cell
Osteoclasts: absorption and removal of bone

What is the function of blood (connective tissue)?

Conducts O2 to the clles
Returns CO2 from the cells to the lungs
Clots to prevent blood loss
Regulates pH through buffering system

This is the fluid part in which the cells are suspended.

Plasma

What are the 3 types of blood cells?

Erythrocytes: RBC, not true cells lack nucli function to cary O2 from the lungs to the tissues and return CO2 from tissue to lungs
Leukocytes: WBC
Platelets: function in clot formation stimulates phagocyte action of leukocytes

What are 2 different types of WBC and which cells are involved in each.

Granular (cytoplasmic granules)
- Neutorphils: involved with defense against pathogenic organisms, enfulf invaders (phagocytosis) 55-65%
- Eosinophils: function to combat allergic reactions & parasitic infections 1-3%
- Basophils: contain histamine and heparindigest micoorganisms and fight allergy symptoms 0-0.7%
Nongranular:
- Lymphocytes: arise and function in the bone marrow
  - T and B cells active in immune response 20-35%
- Monocytes: phagocytic macrophages invovled in immune system 3-7%

What are the 3 types of muscle tissue and what are characteristics of each?

Smooth (involuntary) muscles
Skeletal (striated/voluntary) muscles
Cardiac (involuntary/striated) muscel

Characteristics of all three:
- Covered with epimysium
- Fibers are covered by perimysium
- Each muscle fiber is covered with an endomysium
- Each muscle type contains actin and myosin 2 proteins which change chemical to mechanical energy by clevage of ATP which enable muscle contractions
- Each type have a full complement of cells during development, only growth is increasing the volume of myoctes (muscle cells)

What are the 12 organ systems?

Skin system
Neural system
Skeletal system
Digestive system
Respiratory system
Vascular system
Lymphatic system
Muscular system
Endocrine system
Urinary system
Reproductive system
Speical senses

This is the largest organ. It excretes waste products (CO2, water, salt & urea). Eliminates heat. Protection against foreign invasion. Nerves recieve stimuli. Consists of (epidermis and dermis)

Skin system

What are the 2 divisions of nervous system?

Central nervous system (CNS)
Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

What are the 2 types of system functions of the nervous system?

Afferent (sensory) system: nerves that convey information from muscles and glands to the CNS
Efferent (motor) system: nerves that convey information from the CNS to the muscles and glands.

Tis is the system that carries impulses to voluntary muscles; such as skeletal muscles, lips, and tongue.

Somatic system

This carries impulses to involuntary muscles; such as heart, blood vessels, intestine. What are the 2 further divisions of this system?

Autonomic system
- Sympathetic: caries increased activity
- Parasympathetic: modifies or decreases activity

The _____ system absorbs, transforms, and extracts components of food and excree unused waste. CO2, H2O, and heat are also lost. It consists of what 4 organs?

Digestive system
- Oral cavity (salivary digestion)
- Pharynx, esophagus, and stomach (acids and liquidation)
- Small intestine (glandular excretions further digestion)
- Large intestine (absorption and dehydration)

What does the respiratory system consist of?

Nasal passages
Pharynx
Trachea
Bronchi of lungs (cilia lining this sytem help trap dust particles)

The vascular system consists of?

Heart
Arteries
Caillaries
Veins

How much blood does the heart pump?

5-6 liters 60x a minute

What are parts of the lymphatic system?

Lymph nodes
Thymus
Bone marrow
Tonsils
Spleen

Hormones help regulate metabolism and involuntary smooth and cardiac muscle fibers, play a role in growth and development, reproduction process, immune system. What system and organs does it involve?

Endocrine system
- Thyroid
- Parathyroid
- Pituitary glands
- Ovaries
- Testes
- Pancrease
- Adrenal medulla
- Salivary glands
- Hypothalamus
- Stomach
- Intestine
- Liver
- Kidneys
- Heart
- Skin

The urinary system is composed of?

Kidneys
Ureters
Bladder
Urinary tract

What are the 5 speical senses?

Vision (eyes)
Hearing (ear -- external ear, middle ear, and internal ear)
Equilibrium (inner ear)
Smell (olfactory organ -- nasal cavity)
Taste (taste buds)

What is the function of epithelial tissue?

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Protection: protects the body from chemical, physical, and microbial injury and heat loss
Absorption: in the gut absorbs nutrients from food. Lungs absorb O2
Secretion: glandular tissue secretes important chemicals

What are the 4 types of epithelial tissue what what do they look like?

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Squamous: scale-like or flat. LInes air sacs of the lungs
Cuboidal: roughly cube shaped. Lines the ovaries, salivary glands. (secretes and absorbs)
Columnar: tall and narrow. Lines stomach (secrete and absorbs)
Pseudo-stratified: rod like

The_____ eipthelium is several layers thick (i.e. skin) and the outermost layer will accumulate _____.

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Stratified
Keratin

Where is keritinized and nonkeratnized epithelium found?

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Keratinized: fibrous waterproof protein found in skin cells
Nonkeratinized: epithelium in superficial layers of lining mucossa

What are the 4 basic levels of the epithelium?

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Basal layer (stratum basale)
Spinous layer (stratum spinosum)
Granular Layer (stratum granulosum)
Superficial layer (stratum corneum)

The basal layer is the ____ layer composed of a single layer of ____ shaped cells that overline the _____. It is _____ therefore mitosis occurs in this layer.

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Deepest
Cuboidal cells
Basement membrane
germinative

The basal layer is the ____ layer composed of a single layer of ____ shaped cells that overline the _____. It is _____ therefore mitosis occurs in this layer.

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Deepest
Cuboidal cells
Basement membrane
germinative

This is a thin, acellular, ehcmial-based structure always located between any form of epithelium and connective tissue. It is composted of what 2 layers?

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Basement Membrane
Basal lamina: Produced by epithelum cells (SUPERFICIAL)
Reticular lamina: produced by connective tissue and is more fibrous (DEEP)

What are the functions of the basement membrane?

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Supports, cushions the epithelium
Reinforces the epithelial sheet, helping it resist stretching and tearing forces
Connects epithelium to the connective tissue and defines the boundary
Acts as a filtration barrier for both the epithelium and connective tissue

What are the three layers of the mucous membrane. They include the 2 layers of the basement membrane.

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Basal lamina: supperficial epithelial type tissue
Reticular lamina: deeper connective type tissue
Lamina propria: loose connective tissue that underlies the epithelium of mucous membranes.

What are the 2 particular types of neural tissue cells?

Neurons: nerve cells that retrieve and conduct impulses.
Neuroglia: supporting cells of the nervous system (5-50x more numerous than neurons) protects the nerve cells.

What are the 3 parts of a neuron?

Dendrite: multiple, receives impulses and conducts them into the cell body
Cell body: contains neucleus and cytopasm and transfers signal to axon
Ason: conducts nerve impulses away from the cell body. The impulses terminate into axon terminals.

FYI: axons outside the CNS are insulated by myelin sheeth (product of Schwann cells)

What are the 3 clssifications of connective tissue?

Loose
Dense
Loose with special purpose

What are the functions of connective tissue?

Support
Repair
Protection

What are the 3 types of fiber tissue?

Collagen
Elastic
Reticular

What are the 3 classifications of connective tissue?

Areolar: present when skin is attached to muscle, muscle attached to muscle, or where organs are held together by membranes of connective tissue called fascia (loose connective)
Adipose: fatty tissue, stores energy and insultates (loose connective with speical propertieis)
Fibrous: cartilage, bone, and ligaments (dense connective tissue)

What are the 3 types of fibrous tissue?

Cartilage: gives support and permits skeletal growth (contain no nerves or blood vessels. (CHRONDROCYTES)
Bone: supports the body, is mineralized, contains dense fibrous interellular sybstances. (OSTEOCYTES)
Ligaments & Tendons: attach muscles to bones (FIBROBLASTS)

What are the 3 types of cartilage?

Hyaline: most common form, in the nose, tracheal rings, layrnx, bronchi, ends of ribs and artiulating bone surfaces
Elastic: in the epiglottis, larynx, and ear canal and tube
Fibrous: bundels of collagen fibers in the vertebral disks and tendons

**All konwn as specialized connective tissue

Where is the cartilage located and what are its characteristics.

Located at the articular surfaces of most freely movable joints.
It has no nerve supply or blood supply
It takes longer to heal than bone and is not calcified.
It is the skeletal system of an embryo

What are the 2 types of growth of cartilage?

Interstitial growth: growth deep within the tissue by mitosis of each condyle
Appositional growth: layered growth on the external surface of cartilage, occurs after injury

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Cartes-fiches

What are parts of the lymphatic system?

Lymph nodes
Thymus
Bone marrow
Tonsils
Spleen

Hormones help regulate metabolism and involuntary smooth and cardiac muscle fibers, play a role in growth and development, reproduction process, immune system. What system and organs does it involve?

Endocrine system
- Thyroid
- Parathyroid
- Pituitary glands
- Ovaries
- Testes
- Pancrease
- Adrenal medulla
- Salivary glands
- Hypothalamus
- Stomach
- Intestine
- Liver
- Kidneys
- Heart
- Skin