AQA Biology - Biological molecules
Flashcard for unit 1 biological molecules in aqa a level biology
Flashcard for unit 1 biological molecules in aqa a level biology
What are monomers, polymers, organic compounds , and macromolecules?
-monomers = smaller units that form larger molecules
-polymers = molecules made from large no. monomers joined in a chain formed via POLYMERISATION
-organic molecules = any molecules that contain carbon and hydrogen e.g carbs/Proteins/Lipids
-macromolecules = very large molecules, at least 1000 atoms, high molecular mass
What are condensation and hydrolysis reactions?
-condensation reaction = when monomers combine to form covalent bonds through the loss of a water molecule
-hydrolysis reaction = covalent bonds broken via the addition of a water molecule
What are the three types of carbohydrates? Explain each with examples.
-monosacharrides = single reducing sugar monomer (it can donate electrons, since it is a single molecule) e.g glucose,fructose,galactose
-disaccharides = a sugar formed from two monosaccharides joined via GLYCOSIDIC BOND (through condensation reaction) e.g maltose,sucrose,lactose
-polysaccharide = a POLYMER, formed by many monosaccharides joine through glycosidic bonds (through condensation reactions) e.g cellulose, starch,glycogen
What are monosaccharides, and how do they differ from non-reducing sugars?
-simples sugars
-monomers that form more complex carbs (di and polysaccharides)
-are reducing agents , since they can DONATE ELECTRONS (carbonyl group becomes OXIDISED) and it becomes a reducing agent . Can be detected in benedict's reagent since they reduce the soluble copper sulphate to insoluble brick-red copper oxide. This can only ever occur with MONOSACCHARIDES
-non-reducing agents cannot donate electrons, they're di and polysaccharides, cannot be oxidised since theyre already in a bond. To be detected they must be hydrolysed to produce the monosaccharides.
What is glucose and what are its two forms?
-is a monosaccharide
-x2 forms beta and alpha
-alpha glucose = hydroxyl (OH) group found below ring on carbon 1, forms starch and glycogen
-beta glucose = hydroxyl (OH) found above ring on carbon 1, forms cellulose
How are glycosidic bonds formed , and what are they?
-make monosaccharides more suitable for transport, since storage has less influence on osmolality of cell, since binded to create di and polysaccharides
-when two hydroxyl (OH) groups on diff monomers interact and form a glycosidic bond catalysed by enzymes
-formed by the loss of a water molecule (condensation reaction)
-different monosaccharides result in different types of glycosidic bonds forming
How are glycosidic bonds formed in maltose, sucrose,lactose ?
-maltose = 2 glucose molecules (represent using two alpha glucose molecules )
-sucrose = a glucose and a fructose molecule (represent using alpha glucose and beta fructose)
-lactose = glucose and galactose molecules
-LOOK UP THE MONOSACCHARIDES , all produce a water molecule
-the glucosidic bond means they share an oxygen ion
Describe the process of chromatography, and its link to monosaccharides?
-chromatography = used to seperate a mixture into its components , it relies on the solubility of the different chemicals (solutes). Uses two phases (mobile and stationary). Solutes separate as mobile travels over the stationary , the higher the solubility, the higher the solute travels.
METHOD = 1) monosaccharides stained 2) spot of monosaccharides placed on line at bottom 3)spots of known monosaccharides placed on line 4) chromatography paper suspended in solvent 5)
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Lernkarten
What are monomers, polymers, organic compounds , and macromolecules?
-monomers = smaller units that form larger molecules
-polymers = molecules made from large no. monomers joined in a chain formed via POLYMERISATION
-organic molecules = any molecules that contain carbon and hydrogen e.g carbs/Proteins/Lipids
-macromolecules = very large molecules, at least 1000 atoms, high molecular mass
What are condensation and hydrolysis reactions?
-condensation reaction = when monomers combine to form covalent bonds through the loss of a water molecule
-hydrolysis reaction = covalent bonds broken via the addition of a water molecule
What are the three types of carbohydrates? Explain each with examples.
-monosacharrides = single reducing sugar monomer (it can donate electrons, since it is a single molecule) e.g glucose,fructose,galactose
-disaccharides = a sugar formed from two monosaccharides joined via GLYCOSIDIC BOND (through condensation reaction) e.g maltose,sucrose,lactose
-polysaccharide = a POLYMER, formed by many monosaccharides joine through glycosidic bonds (through condensation reactions) e.g cellulose, starch,glycogen
What are monosaccharides, and how do they differ from non-reducing sugars?
-simples sugars
-monomers that form more complex carbs (di and polysaccharides)
-are reducing agents , since they can DONATE ELECTRONS (carbonyl group becomes OXIDISED) and it becomes a reducing agent . Can be detected in benedict's reagent since they reduce the soluble copper sulphate to insoluble brick-red copper oxide. This can only ever occur with MONOSACCHARIDES
-non-reducing agents cannot donate electrons, they're di and polysaccharides, cannot be oxidised since theyre already in a bond. To be detected they must be hydrolysed to produce the monosaccharides.
What is glucose and what are its two forms?
-is a monosaccharide
-x2 forms beta and alpha
-alpha glucose = hydroxyl (OH) group found below ring on carbon 1, forms starch and glycogen
-beta glucose = hydroxyl (OH) found above ring on carbon 1, forms cellulose
How are glycosidic bonds formed , and what are they?
-make monosaccharides more suitable for transport, since storage has less influence on osmolality of cell, since binded to create di and polysaccharides
-when two hydroxyl (OH) groups on diff monomers interact and form a glycosidic bond catalysed by enzymes
-formed by the loss of a water molecule (condensation reaction)
-different monosaccharides result in different types of glycosidic bonds forming
How are glycosidic bonds formed in maltose, sucrose,lactose ?
-maltose = 2 glucose molecules (represent using two alpha glucose molecules )
-sucrose = a glucose and a fructose molecule (represent using alpha glucose and beta fructose)
-lactose = glucose and galactose molecules
-LOOK UP THE MONOSACCHARIDES , all produce a water molecule
-the glucosidic bond means they share an oxygen ion
Describe the process of chromatography, and its link to monosaccharides?
-chromatography = used to seperate a mixture into its components , it relies on the solubility of the different chemicals (solutes). Uses two phases (mobile and stationary). Solutes separate as mobile travels over the stationary , the higher the solubility, the higher the solute travels.
METHOD = 1) monosaccharides stained 2) spot of monosaccharides placed on line at bottom 3)spots of known monosaccharides placed on line 4) chromatography paper suspended in solvent 5)
