Woche 11

• Strengthening relations between member states
• Coordination of policies in order to achieve co-operation
• 350 Millionen citizens

• Arab language as their national language
• Minority language: Kurdish (Iraq, Syria) Amazigh (Morocco, Algeria), Sawahili (Somalia)

• Regional intergovernmental political and economic union established in 1981 and consisting of:
• Kuwait / Bahrain / Qatar / Oman / Saudi Arabia / United Arab Emirates

• Formulating similar regulations in various firlds such as finance, trade customs, tourism, legislation, administration
• Fostering scientific and technical progress
• Unified military (Peninsula Shield Force)
• Encouraging cooperation of the private sector
• Strengtening ties between their citizens
• Establishing a common currency

• Natural Resources
• Rulde by royal families
• Sea Access
• Wealthieness
• lack of water (mostly desert)

• Global Tourism Hub - NEOM
• Net-Zero Emissions by 2050 
• World largest Hydrogen Project (specialise in power generation and desalination)
• 7 billion deal with Oman Oil and Air Products to produce green hydrogen in Oman

• Centralized geographical position
• Development of the demography
• Natural resources

• Stratigic points that controll the flow of movement: people, resource, information. Often of georapfical narrow passes.

• Geostrategic Location between Asia, Europe and Africa
• Historical Trading Region
• Referred to as the "Cradle of Civilization"
• Birthplace of three monotheistic world religions
• Rich in natural resources
• Powerful legacy of European colonialism

• Outgoing remittances (Überweisungen) of 80 Billion Dollars/year - people dont spend money in the ME, the send it home
• Tension with origin countries
• Social and cultural issue
• Losing identity - All people speak english

• Brain drain (emigration/outflow of skilled individuals due to better opportunities)
• Political Instability
• Security
• Economic hardship in the homeland
  
  Consequences:
• Security
• Cultural identity
• stagnation

"Shaky borders" refers to borders or boundaries between countries or regions that are unstable, uncertain, or subject to geopolitical tensions. The term implies a lack of stability or security in the delineation of these borders, often due to political, social, or historical factors.

• Political: Invasions and colonial period - rulers /(military) and centralized autocratic systems = instability = increased military budget = increased authoritarism = leadership conflicts (Middle Eats counries defence spending ca 920 Billion from 2014-202

• Change of trading routes and Europe access to new economic zones (America/Australia) = less income in and for ME = less power/controll = less and slower development 

• Intellectual regression: Missed the printing revolution (lack of bocks) & Industrial revlution (lack of vision, capital, knowledge/wealth) = loss of intellectual flexibility due to autocratic regimes = intervention into the education system

• Environmental regression: due to climate change, wars and instability = less use of lands and less income generation

• Social changes due to political reasons, instability and intellectual regression = migration from rural (ländlich) to urban = less acricultural products = degradation of environment = Vulnerable food security = migration/disintration = impact on education

• Subsidies: For energy and oil = Very important, other than that people cant afford food
• Corruption: Networks/Institutionalized/Change in values
• Military&Security: Security Expenditures, Weapons & ammunition, training, military bases

For exapmle: In Syra every young perosn is working minimum 5 years for the government (not efficient for economy)

Major costs of wars and refugees/displaced persons

The framework in a nutshell