Phonetics and Phonology (B&A Pronunciation)
Übungskarten für den Regelteil der Phonetics and Phonology Klausur bei Herrn Pointner. (British And American Pronunciation)
Übungskarten für den Regelteil der Phonetics and Phonology Klausur bei Herrn Pointner. (British And American Pronunciation)
What is final devoicing? Explain and give an example.
- Auslautverhärtung
- german does not allow consonants at the end of words! (phonotactiv restriction in german)
- d → t
- Germans tend to apply final devoicing to English
- this way homophones (words that sound alike, but should not) are produced
I bet I had a bad bat in bed.
/aɪ bet aɪ hæd ə bæd bæt ɪn bed./
How are words stressed?
- short vowels are weakened to ǀəǀ or ǀɪǀ in unstressed syllables
- you need no stress mark, if the word is stressed on the first syllable
- Schwa is never stressed
- primary stress: '
- secondary stress: ,
- when the 3rd syllable is stressed, the first one is always as well
- Bsp.:
- about ǀəˈbaʊtǀ
- hotel ǀhoʊˈtelǀ
- father ǀˈfɑːðərǀ
- information ǀˌɪnfərˈmeɪʃənǀ
- communication ǀkəˌmujuːnɪˈkeɪʃənǀ
What is stress shift? Give examples.
- Depending on which part of the word is stressed, the stress shift can distinguish word classes
- bsp.:
- content (adj.) ǀ kənˈtentǀ
- content (noun) ǀ ˈkɑːntənt ǀ
- bsp.:
- produce (vb.) ǀ prəˈdjuːs ǀ
- produce (n.) ǀˈprɑdjuːs ǀ
- bsp.:
- addict (vb.) ǀ əˈdɪkt ǀ
- addict (n.) ǀ ˈædɪkt ǀ
Explain smoothing and give examples.
- there is an upper class tendency in RP to substitute the diphthong ǀʊəǀ with the monophthong ǀɔːǀ
- <sure> ǀʃʊəǀ → ǀʃɔːǀ
- <poor> ǀpʊəǀ → ǀpɔːǀ
- <cure> ǀkʊəǀ → ǀkɔːǀ
What is yod-dropping? Give examples.
Yod-dropping is another accent feature, in which the /j/ sound is omitted entirely from some words wherein it is retained in other accents.
- juː vs. uː
- news:
- RP ǀ njuːz ǀ
- GA ǀ nuːz ǀ
- duke:
- RP ǀ djuːk ǀ
- GA ǀ duːk ǀ
- this is optional in GA
What is r-coloring? Give an example.
- ǀɜːǀ vs. ǀɝːǀ
- in RP the r is not pronounced , it is pronounced in GA so in GA it is r-colored
- Bsp.: <Where were you?> ǀweər wɜː juːǀ vs. ǀweər wɝːr juːǀ
How do you know which Interdental fricative to use?
- in order to decide whether a word begins with ǀθǀ or ǀðǀ you have to know if it is a function word or a content word
- interdental fricatives a the beginning of function words are always voiced!
- this, they, them, their, there, that, the, than, then
- ǀðɪs, ðeɪ, ðem, ðeər, ðæt, ðə, ðæn, ðenǀ
- interdental fricatives a the beginning of content words are always voiceless!
- think ǀθɪnkǀ, thanks ǀθænksǀ, throw ǀθroʊǀ, thorough ǀθɑːroʊǀ, thorn ǀθɔːrnǀ
- if before vowel (mainly voiced)
- weather ǀweðərǀ, father ǀfɑːðərǀ, mother ǀmʌðərǀ
- exeption: words of Greek and Latin origin have ǀθǀ before vowel (method ǀmeθədǀ, author ǀɔːθərǀ, sympathy ǀsɪmpəθɪǀ)
- if at the end of words, you just have to know! (bath ǀbɑːθǀ, bathe ǀbeɪðǀ, wrath ǀrɑːθǀ, scythe ǀsaɪðǀ)
<c> is always
<I like him>
weekdays with
what does rhotic mean?
what does non.rhotic mean?
GA is ...
RP is ...
What is a linking-r
- in RP final r is never pronounced (exept when the nest word begins with a vovel - avoiding hiatus!)
- there is ǀðeər‿ɪzǀ, far away ǀfɑːr ‿əˈweɪǀ
- no linking-r in GA
- Intrusive-r: having a linking-r where there shouldn't be one
any
many
What is an intervocallic-t?
- intervocallic t in GA is flapped when the vowel preceeding it is stressed (the tongue tip toches the alveolar briefly, no aspiration)
- better ǀbet̬ərǀ
- across word boundaries: I got it ǀaɪ gɑːt̬‿ɪtǀ
Explain the suffix realisations.
- if the sound before (s) is a vowel or a voiced consonant, it is realized as ǀzǀ
- v + + (S) → ǀzǀ
- he loves ǀhiː lʌvzǀ
- if the sound before (s) is a voiceless consonant, it is realized as ǀsǀ
- v - + (S) → ǀsǀ
- he takes ǀhiː teɪksǀ
- when (s) is preceded by ǀs, z, ʃ, ʒ, tʃ, dʒǀ it is realized as ǀɪzǀ or ǀəzǀ
- catches ǀkætʃɪzǀ, kisses ǀkɪsɪzǀ
Realizations of (ed):
- ǀtǀ after a voiceless sound
- he talked ǀhiː tɔːktǀ
- ǀdǀ after a voiced sound
- he moved ǀhiː muːvdǀ
- ǀɪdǀ after ǀtǀ or ǀdǀ
- permitted ǀpərˈmɪt̬ɪdǀ
Explain the Prefix-realizations.
- the prefix <un> is never turned into Schwa!
- unnatural ǀʌnˈnætʃərəlǀ
- unmoved ǀʌnˈmuːvdǀ
- prefix <ex> has two realizations: ǀɪksǀ or ǀɪgˈzǀ
- general rule (there are exeptions):
- <ex> → ǀɪksǀ before v-
- extinct ǀɪksˈtɪnktǀ
- explode ǀɪksˈploʊdǀ
- <ex> → ǀɪgˈzǀ before v+
- example ǀɪgˈzæmpəlǀ
- exam ǀɪgˈzɑmǀ
- <ex> → ǀɪksǀ before v-
- general rule (there are exeptions):
Classify p
bilabial, plosive, voiceless
Cassify b
bilabial, plosives, voiced
Classify t
Alveolar, plosive, voiceless
Classify d
Alveolar, plosives, voiced
Classify k
Velar, plosive, voiceless
Classify g
Velar, plosive, voiced
Classify tʃ
Palatoalveolar, affricates, voiceless
Classify dʒ
Palatoalveolar, affricates, voiced
Classify f
Labiodental , fricatives, voiceless
classify v
Labiodental, fricatives, voiced
Classify θ
Dental, fricatives, voiceless
Classify ð
Dental, fricatives, voiced
Classify s
Alveolar, fricatives, voiceless
Classify z
Alveolar, fricatives , voiced
Classify ʃ
Palatoalveolar, fricatives, voiceless
Classify ʒ
Palatoalveolar, fricatives, voiced
Classify h
Glottal, fricatives, voiceless
Classify m
Bilabial, nasal, voiced
Classify n
Alveolar, nasal, voiced
Classify ŋ
Velar, nasal, voiced
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Lernkarten
Classify p
bilabial, plosive, voiceless
Cassify b
bilabial, plosives, voiced
Classify t
Alveolar, plosive, voiceless
Classify d
Alveolar, plosives, voiced
Classify k
Velar, plosive, voiceless
Classify g
Velar, plosive, voiced
Classify tʃ
Palatoalveolar, affricates, voiceless
Classify dʒ
Palatoalveolar, affricates, voiced
Classify f
Labiodental , fricatives, voiceless
classify v
Labiodental, fricatives, voiced
Classify θ
Dental, fricatives, voiceless
Classify ð
Dental, fricatives, voiced
Classify s
Alveolar, fricatives, voiceless
Classify z
Alveolar, fricatives , voiced
Classify ʃ
Palatoalveolar, fricatives, voiceless
Classify ʒ
Palatoalveolar, fricatives, voiced
Classify h
Glottal, fricatives, voiceless
Classify m
Bilabial, nasal, voiced
Classify n
Alveolar, nasal, voiced
Classify ŋ
Velar, nasal, voiced
Classify l
Alveolar, laterals, voiced
Classify r
Postalveolar, frictionless continuant, voiced
Classify w
Bilabial, semi-vowels, voiced
Classify j
Palatal, semi-vowels, voiced
What is final devoicing? Explain and give an example.
- Auslautverhärtung
- german does not allow consonants at the end of words! (phonotactiv restriction in german)
- d → t
- Germans tend to apply final devoicing to English
- this way homophones (words that sound alike, but should not) are produced
I bet I had a bad bat in bed.
/aɪ bet aɪ hæd ə bæd bæt ɪn bed./
How are words stressed?
- short vowels are weakened to ǀəǀ or ǀɪǀ in unstressed syllables
- you need no stress mark, if the word is stressed on the first syllable
- Schwa is never stressed
- primary stress: '
- secondary stress: ,
- when the 3rd syllable is stressed, the first one is always as well
- Bsp.:
- about ǀəˈbaʊtǀ
- hotel ǀhoʊˈtelǀ
- father ǀˈfɑːðərǀ
- information ǀˌɪnfərˈmeɪʃənǀ
- communication ǀkəˌmujuːnɪˈkeɪʃənǀ
What is stress shift? Give examples.
- Depending on which part of the word is stressed, the stress shift can distinguish word classes
- bsp.:
- content (adj.) ǀ kənˈtentǀ
- content (noun) ǀ ˈkɑːntənt ǀ
- bsp.:
- produce (vb.) ǀ prəˈdjuːs ǀ
- produce (n.) ǀˈprɑdjuːs ǀ
- bsp.:
- addict (vb.) ǀ əˈdɪkt ǀ
- addict (n.) ǀ ˈædɪkt ǀ
Explain smoothing and give examples.
- there is an upper class tendency in RP to substitute the diphthong ǀʊəǀ with the monophthong ǀɔːǀ
- <sure> ǀʃʊəǀ → ǀʃɔːǀ
- <poor> ǀpʊəǀ → ǀpɔːǀ
- <cure> ǀkʊəǀ → ǀkɔːǀ
What is yod-dropping? Give examples.
Yod-dropping is another accent feature, in which the /j/ sound is omitted entirely from some words wherein it is retained in other accents.
- juː vs. uː
- news:
- RP ǀ njuːz ǀ
- GA ǀ nuːz ǀ
- duke:
- RP ǀ djuːk ǀ
- GA ǀ duːk ǀ
- this is optional in GA
What is r-coloring? Give an example.
- ǀɜːǀ vs. ǀɝːǀ
- in RP the r is not pronounced , it is pronounced in GA so in GA it is r-colored
- Bsp.: <Where were you?> ǀweər wɜː juːǀ vs. ǀweər wɝːr juːǀ
How do you know which Interdental fricative to use?
- in order to decide whether a word begins with ǀθǀ or ǀðǀ you have to know if it is a function word or a content word
- interdental fricatives a the beginning of function words are always voiced!
- this, they, them, their, there, that, the, than, then
- ǀðɪs, ðeɪ, ðem, ðeər, ðæt, ðə, ðæn, ðenǀ
- interdental fricatives a the beginning of content words are always voiceless!
- think ǀθɪnkǀ, thanks ǀθænksǀ, throw ǀθroʊǀ, thorough ǀθɑːroʊǀ, thorn ǀθɔːrnǀ
- if before vowel (mainly voiced)
- weather ǀweðərǀ, father ǀfɑːðərǀ, mother ǀmʌðərǀ
- exeption: words of Greek and Latin origin have ǀθǀ before vowel (method ǀmeθədǀ, author ǀɔːθərǀ, sympathy ǀsɪmpəθɪǀ)
- if at the end of words, you just have to know! (bath ǀbɑːθǀ, bathe ǀbeɪðǀ, wrath ǀrɑːθǀ, scythe ǀsaɪðǀ)
<c> is always
<I like him>
weekdays with
what does rhotic mean?
what does non.rhotic mean?
GA is ...
RP is ...
What is a linking-r
- in RP final r is never pronounced (exept when the nest word begins with a vovel - avoiding hiatus!)
- there is ǀðeər‿ɪzǀ, far away ǀfɑːr ‿əˈweɪǀ
- no linking-r in GA
- Intrusive-r: having a linking-r where there shouldn't be one
any
