062 RadNAV

Radio Nav

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L. B.

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L. B.

Über diese Lernkartei

This flashcard set delves into advanced navigation systems, focusing on radio navigation aids like VOR, NDB, and ADF, as well as satellite-based systems such as GPS and GNSS. It covers key concepts like signal reception, antenna types, and system accuracies, providing essential knowledge for pilots and aviation enthusiasts. The set explains how these systems function, their limitations, and practical applications, making it invaluable for those seeking to understand or operate these navigation tools effectively.

Karten

Lernende

Sprache

Englisch

Kategorie

Verkehrskunde

Stufe

Andere

Erstellt / Aktualisiert

16.08.2022 / 18.08.2024

Ähnliche Karteien

Why is a DVOR more precise than a CVOR?

DVOR less sensitive to multipath

State the formula to determine VOR Range?

LOS(NM) = 1.23 * (sqroot(HTransmitter(ft)) + sqroot(HReceiver(ft)))

What is the range of VOR KLO when flying at FL300?

approx. 260 NM

Why are VOR/DME often coupled together?

VOR provides bearing, DME distance information -> combined this results in a so called "rho-theta position".

Do VORs have a cone of silence or confusion?

Yes, similar to NDBs

Which errors can occur with VORs?

Mountain effect: Interference due to reflection
Bending: Gradual changes, flying a constant wrong bearing
Scalloping: Sudden changes, fluctuation on indication

On a VOR Instrument, what does OBS stand for?

Omni Bearing Selector -> seleced course

What is the frequency range of Surveillance Radars?

UHF: 300 - 3000 MHz

Name the 4 global GNSS providers

NAVSTAR GPS
GLONASS
GALILEO
Beidou

How is the GLONASS system characterised (#-satellites, orbit height, inclination)

24 satellites
19'130km
64.8° (to the equator)

How is the Galileo system characterised (#-satellites, inclination, orbit duration)

30 satellites
23'260km
56° (to the equator)

How is the Beidou system characterised (#-satellites, inclination, orbit duration)

30 satellites
geostationary (~35'000km)

How is the NAVSTAR GPS system characterised (#-satellites, inclination, orbit duration)

31 satellites
20'180km
55° (to the equator)
1'575.42 MHz

How many satellites are required (minimum) for a 3D position?

--> To compensate for the receiver clock error

Explain the working principle

Satellites transmit pulse modulated signals which are received by a station on the earth. The run time of the signal is used to determine the distance between receiver and satellite. With the signal of multiple satellites (min. 4) the position can be determined precisely (+/- 4m).

Name the 3 segments of GNSS

User segment = Devices receiving GPS signals
Satellite segment = Satellites
Control segment = Control stations ensuring that satellites transmit accurate information.

Name the two types of waypoints

Fly-over-waypoint

Fly-by-waypoint

Difference between Fixed radius transition and radius to fix?

In FRT the turn is initiated before the WPT to the new heading from the WPT

In RF the turn is made from WPT to the other

What precision is required for B-RNAV?

+/- 5 NM from the desired path for 95% of the flighttime
--> Also referred to as RNAV 5

What precision is required for P-RNAV?

+/- 1NM from desired path for 95% of the flight time

--> Also referred to as RNAV 1

What does NDB stand for?

Keyboard commands:

= turn,

= for-/backward,

= scroll

Non-Directional radio Beacon

What does ADF stand for?

Keyboard commands:

= turn,

= for-/backward,

= scroll

Automatic Direction Finding

Which type of propagation (ground/sky/space waves) do NDB use and in which freq. bands do they operate?

Keyboard commands:

= turn,

= for-/backward,

= scroll

Ground waves in LF and MF

What is the difference between QDM and QDR?

Keyboard commands:

= turn,

= for-/backward,

= scroll

QDM: Magnetic bearing to the station, QDR: Magnetic bearing from the station -> QDM = QDR + 180 Deg.

How are NDBs depicted on charts?

Keyboard commands:

= turn,

= for-/backward,

= scroll

Single dot in circle surrounded by multiple circles made up of dots.

In which exact bandwith do NDBs operate?

Keyboard commands:

= turn,

= for-/backward,

= scroll

200 - 1750 kHz

What is the range of NDBs and what does it depend on?

Keyboard commands:

= turn,

= for-/backward,

= scroll

10 - 200 NM, depending on station output energy.

What is the difference between N0N A1A and N0N A2A emissions?

Keyboard commands:

= turn,

= for-/backward,

= scroll

NON A1A emissions: Interrupted bearing by identification 2x/min.
NON A2A emissions: Steady bearing and identification 8x/min.

Which limitations do occur with both VORs and NDBs?

Keyboard commands:

= turn,

= for-/backward,

= scroll

Cone of silence aka conce of confusion.

Explain the working principle of an NDB (singal reception with a loop antenna)?

Keyboard commands:

= turn,

= for-/backward,

= scroll

A loop antenna rotates and receives max. reception when the plane of the loop antenna is parallel to the direction of the NDB radio wave. If the plane of loop is perpendicular to direction of wave travel (simplified: The NDB radio wave travels through the loop antenna), the antenna reception is minimum.

Why do ADFs also need a sense antenna (apart from the loop antenna)?

Do identify in which direction of the loop antenna pattern the NDB is situated (with only loop antenna, 2 potential directions are possible, which are 180 deg. apart.)

Why does ADF also require a sense antenna?

Do identify in which direction of the loop antenna pattern the NDB is situated (with only loop antenna, 2 potential directions are possible, which are 180 deg. apart.)

What is the accuracy of an ADF?

+/- 5 deg.

What does the "ADF Button" on an ADF do?

In "ADF Mode", the pointer is activated and the ADF treis to point to the station.
In "ANT Mode", loop antenna is disabled and all receiving is done through the sense antenna -> clearest audio reception.

What does the "BFO Button" do on an ADF?

This oscillator creates an audio freq. signal from Morse code radiotelegraphy transmissions to make them audible.

Explain the mountain effect on NDB radio waves?

Mountains can bend the NDB radio signal and indicate wrong bearings on the ADF.

Which effect is responsible for wrong ADF bearings when flying at or over a shoreline or coast?

Refraction over coast/shoreline

What is the reasond for the night and twilight effect on NDB radio waves?

Sky waves exist apart from the usual ground waves, causing an interference zone.

Why should one not conduct an NDB approach during thunderstorm activity?

because of atmospheric disturbances / static errors in the signal.

Is an ADF reliable during turns? If not, what is the error called?

Unreliable due to dip error

1 / 50

Cartes-fiches

How is the Galileo system characterised (#-satellites, inclination, orbit duration)

30 satellites
23'260km
56° (to the equator)

How is the Beidou system characterised (#-satellites, inclination, orbit duration)

30 satellites
geostationary (~35'000km)

How is the NAVSTAR GPS system characterised (#-satellites, inclination, orbit duration)

31 satellites
20'180km
55° (to the equator)
1'575.42 MHz

How many satellites are required (minimum) for a 3D position?

--> To compensate for the receiver clock error

Explain the working principle

Name the 3 segments of GNSS

User segment = Devices receiving GPS signals
Satellite segment = Satellites
Control segment = Control stations ensuring that satellites transmit accurate information.

Name the two types of waypoints

Fly-over-waypoint

Fly-by-waypoint

Difference between Fixed radius transition and radius to fix?

In FRT the turn is initiated before the WPT to the new heading from the WPT

In RF the turn is made from WPT to the other

What precision is required for B-RNAV?

+/- 5 NM from the desired path for 95% of the flighttime
--> Also referred to as RNAV 5

What precision is required for P-RNAV?

+/- 1NM from desired path for 95% of the flight time

--> Also referred to as RNAV 1

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