022 Instrumentation
Instruments of an A/C
Instruments of an A/C
Fichier Détails
Cartes-fiches | 53 |
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Langue | English |
Catégorie | Code de la route |
Niveau | Autres |
Crée / Actualisé | 01.08.2022 / 13.06.2025 |
Lien de web |
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Tachometer - Digital or electronic tachometer
A phonic wheel rotates at the engine's RPM. Next to the wheel a speed probe with a permanent magnet is installed. The magnetic field of the magnet is disturbed by the rotating wheel. Therefore, the magnetic field depends on the rotating speed of the wheel and hence can be translated into a RPM. --> Requires electrical power from an aircraft source
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On-Board Clock
Commercial ACFT
- Normal time indication
- GPS based
- Used for ACARS
Small ACFT
- Normal time indication
- HOBBS or Flight time measurement
Variant 1: Connected to the battery. Measures time as of which the battery is used until shut down
Variant 2: Connected to the engine. Measure time as of which the engines runs until shut down
Variant 3: Starts and stops at defined airspeed (50 to 60kt) - Used for maintenance
Pitot tube
Measures total pressure PT
One attached at the front of the wing to keep it in undisturbed air flow.
Subject to total pressure error if pitch > 20° up or down
Types of Altimeters
- Simple altimeter
One aneroid capsule - Sensitive altimeter
Multiple aneroid capsule enhance accuracy - Servo assisted altimeter
Pressure measurement is connected to a circuit, translating contraction/expansion of capsules into electric signals. --> Eliminates the lag error and makes it the most accurate altimeter
Altimeter errors
- Position error
- Instrument error
- Barometric error
- Temperature error
- Lag error
Vertical Speed Indicator
Capsule: Static pressure
Case: Static pressure
Static pressure is directly fed to the capsule while the case has a restricted passage through which static pressure enters. --> The instrument measures the difference between static pressure in the capsule and case.
Once leveled-off the pressure in the case reaches the static pressure in the capsule and the VSI indicates 0 again.
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Vertical Speed Indicator errors
Static system errors
- Blocked static port
- Leakage of static line
- Position error
Instrumentation error
Time lag
Air Speed Indicator
Case: Static pressure
Capsule: Total pressure
Air Speed Indicator errors
...
Air Speed Indicator markings
VS0 = Stalling speed in landing configuration
VS1 = Stalling speed in a specified configuration
VFE = Max. speed with flaps full down
VLE = Max. landing gear extended speed
VLO = Max. landing gear operating speed
--> VS0 bis VFE = White sector
VNO = Max. Normal operating speed
--> VFE bis VNO = Green sector (normal operating range)
VNE = Never exceed speed
--> VNO bis VNE = Yellow sector (caution range)
VX = Best rate of climb
VY = Best angle of climb
VMC = Minimum control speed, one engine inoperative, take-off configuartion, landing gear retracted, running engine at T/O power, max. 5° bank.
Basic T
Basic Six
Basic T
Airspeed Indicator (Air Data)
Attitude Indicator (Gyro)
Altimeter (Air Data)
Direction Idicator (Gyro)
Basic Six additionally has
Direction Indicator (Gyro)
Turn Coordinator (Gyro)
Vertical Spee Indicator (Air Data)
TAT
Total Air Temperature
Measured by the Instrument
TAT = SAT + Ram Rise --> Always higher than SAT
SAT
Static Air Temperature
Actual Temperature
Lower than TA
Ram Rise
Is the difference between TAT and SAT
Induced by friction of the air at the sensor --> varies with speed (occurs above 180kt/ M 0.2)
\(RR = SAT * 0.2 * M^2\)
Pitot Static System
Pitot tube measures total Pressure PT. Static ports measure static pressure PS.
If static ports are blocked alternate static source can be opened in the cockpit (PS,ports > PS,alternate !).
Chamber of ASI is fed with PT. Aneroid capsule is fed with PS --> PD is calculated and shown on ASI (PT - PS = PD)
Airspeed
Indicated Airspeed (IAS)
Calibrated Airspeed (CAS)
- Position Error
- Instrument Error
Equivalent Airspeed (EAS)
- Compressibility
Trues Airspeed (TAS)
- Density Error
VS0
Stall speed landing configuration
VS1
Stall Speed specified configuration
VFE
Max. Flaps extended speed
VNO
Normal Operating limit speed
VNE
Never Exceed speed
VLO
Maximum landing gear operation speed
VLE
Maximum landing gear extended speed
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