021 01 Airframe & Systems
Design and Parts of an Aircraft. Acting forces on said parts
Design and Parts of an Aircraft. Acting forces on said parts
Set of flashcards Details
Flashcards | 47 |
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Language | English |
Category | Traffic |
Level | Other |
Created / Updated | 31.07.2022 / 09.09.2022 |
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Define vapour pressure
The vapour pressure is the term used to indicate the ambient pressure at which the fuel vaporises. A high vapour pressure indicates that fuel vaporises at high atmospheric pressure.
Why is chemical stability important for fuels?
When aviation gasoline is stored and has a chemical interchange with air, hydrocarbons vaporise.The fuel can oxidise. Two of the biproducts of this oxidation are soluble gums and insoluble black particulates. The particulates and gums can block fuel filters or clog up carburator jets and narrow bore pipes.
What does Pascal's law state?
Pascal's Law is a principle in fluid mechanics that states that a pressure change at any point in a confined incompressible fluid is transmitted throughout the fluid such that the same change occurs everywhere.
Question: Actuator 1 acts with a force of 120 N and area of 12 in2 displacing 10 in.
What force and displacement can be measured at a 2nd actuator with an area of 6 in2?
P = F / A and P1 = P2 and Volume = A * D
F2 = 60 N
D2 = 20 in
What has to be considered when using synthetic-based hydraulic fluid, e.g. skydrol?
Health precatutions to avoid contact with the fluid.
Name five main characteristics of hydraulic fluids:
- must flow with minimum resistance
- must be incompressible
- must have good lubricating properties
- must inhibit corrosion and not attack seals
- must not foam in operati
What is the difference between and open center and closed center hydraulic system?
With open center systems, multiple hydraulic actuators are supplied simultaneously.
With closed center systems, hydraulic actuators can only be used one at a time.
What is the difference between and active and passive hydraulic system?
- Active: pressure is cont. generated by a pump
- Passive: pressure is only generated, when the hydraulic operating unit is used, e.g. wheel brake.
Is the hydraulic system inop if the miconic element in an oil filter clogs up?
No, there is a relief valve, which is closed by a spring in normal operation mode and letting the oil flow through the filter material (micronic element). In case the filter becomes clogged up and the differential pressure overcomes the spring force, the relief valve openes and the oil can bypass the filter material.
Stress
- Force per unit of area
- Stress is the internal force inside a structural member which resists an externally applied load.
Shock load
Sudden increase in the applied force
Zündwinkel
\(Zündwinkel= {{ 720°} \over { Number \space of \space cylinders} }\)
Fachwerk/Timber Frame Construction
- Optimale Kraftverteilung
- Kraft kann in Strukur aufgenommen werden --> Fail Safe
- Negativ: Kein Platz
Constructionphylosophies
- Timber Frame/Fachwerk
- Monocoque
- Semi-Monocoque
Monocoque
- Carries all the forces: Skin, Bulkhead
- Parts used: SKin, Former, Bulkhead
- Can absorb forces
- Has space for pax and cargo
- Negativ: If structure is damaged, it is weakened and can ben
Semi-Monocoque
- "Advanced" Monocoque
- Stringers strengthen the skin. They are riveted on to the skin
- Longerons further strengthen the skin in longitudinal direction
- Force is absorbed by: Skin, Bulkhead, Stringer, Longeron, Former
Integral Construction vs. Differntial Construction
- Integral
- Everything out of one part
- If something breaks the whole thing has to be replaced
- Differential
- Single members form one part
- Members can be replaced if damaged
- Members break as seperately
Safe Life
An A/C has a defined minimum number of flying hours or cycles which should elapse before a major structuralfailure occurs
Fail Safe
- Multiple load Paths --> Loads are shared by additinal members
- If one part fails the load is carried by the adjacent member for a limited period of tim
Rules to build an A/C
EAA:
- CS25, Big A/C
- CS23, Small A/C
FAA
- FAR25, Big A/C
- FAR23, Small A/C
- Lmax (Last cycle), maximum Load, Designlimit
- Proof Load (no Deformation), Lmax * 1.125
- Ultimate Load (below that no failure), Lmax * 1.
Strain
- Dehnung
- If acting force is string enough to change the shape of the object
Failure Conditions
Condition Probability Effect
Minor Frequent Normal Operation
Minor 10-3 Operating limits, Mergency Procedures
Major 10-5 Difficulties for Crew
Hazardous 10-7 Extended Workload, Serious or fatal injuries in small numbers
Catastrophic 10-9 Total Hull Loss, Multiple death
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