Kurdish Sorani, Grammar
Learn kurdish sorani grammer.
Learn kurdish sorani grammer.
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1. The Absolute State of the Noun. A Kurdish noun in the absolute state, i.e. without any ending of any kind, gives a generic sense of the noun. It is also the “lexical” form of the noun, i.e. the form in which a noun is given in a vocabulary list or dictionary. The absolute state is normally used for the generic sense, as in قاوه رهشه qâwa rash a ‘coffee is black’.
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2. The Indefinite State. The sign of the indefinite singular (‘a, any, some’) is an unstressed enclitic -(y)èk (i.e. ێک -èk after consonants and یهک -yèk after vowels) added to the end of the absolute singular noun. For example:
pyâw ‘man' --> pyâwèk 'a man'
Among the modifiers that demand that a following noun be indefinite are chand ‘a few', hamû ‘every', chi ‘what?', and har ‘each.'
chand pyâwèk 'a few men'
The construction ...i zor ‘many, a lot of’ also takes a preceding indefinite singular noun:
kurdèk i zor 'a lot of Kurds '
The indefinite plural is formed by adding -ân to the absolute singular. If the absolute singular ends in -â, the indefinite plural ending is -yân. Nouns with absolute singulars ending in -a, like nâma 'letter', form the indefinite plural by dropping the final -a and adding -ân.
pyâw --> pyâwân '(some) men'
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3. The Definite State. Singular nouns are made definite (‘the’) by adding the suffix -(a)ká (i.e. -aká after consonants, u, e, and î, and -ká after the vowels a, â, and o).
pyâw 'man' --> pyâwaká 'the man'
The definite plural is made by adding (a)kân to the singular, i.e. by changing the -(a)ká of the definite singular to -(a)kân.
pyâwaká 'the man' --> pyâwakân 'the men'
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coffee
قاوه
qâwa
Attribution de licenceقاوهیێک
Attribution de licencea coffee
every coffee
هاموو قاوهیێک
Attribution de licence
man
پیاو
pyâw
Attribution de licenceday
door
دهرگا
dargâ
Attribution de licenceletter
پیاوێک
Attribution de licencea man
a day
رۆژێک
rozhèk
Attribution de licenceده رگایه ک
a door
Attribution de licencea letter
نامهیهک
nâmayèk
Attribution de licence
چهند پیاوێک
Attribution de licencea few men
every day
هاموو رۆژێک
hamû rozhèk
Attribution de licenceلاپهڕه
Attribution de licencepage
what page?
چ لاپهڕهیهک
chi lâpařayèk?
Attribution de licence
لا
direction
each direction
ههر لایهک
har lâyèk
کوردێکی زۆر
a lot of Kurds
many men
پیاوێکی زۆر
pyâwèk i zor
پیاوهکه
the man
American
ئهمهریکی
amarîkî
ئهمهریکیهکه
the American
student
کتاوی
ktâwî
کتاویهکه
the student
village
دێ
de
دێهکه
the village
the door
دهرگاکا
dargâká
نامهکه
the letter
the men (plural!)
پیاوهکان
pyâwakân
کتاویهکان
the students
the doors
دهرگاکان
dargâkân
نامهکان
the letters
(some) men
پیاوان
pyâwân
4. Demonstratives. As attributive adjectives the demonstratives (‘this, that’) envelop the nouns they modify. ‘This’ is am ... (y)á, and 'that' is aw ... (y)á. The forms of nouns enveloped by demonstra- tives are the absolute singular and the indefinite plural.
man = pyâw --> this man = am pyâwá
man = pyâw --> these men = am pyâwâná
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this man
ئەم پیاوە
am pyâwá
ئەم پیاوانە
these men
ئەم کتاویە
this student
