Business communication 3

Proxemics (close vs. distance) developed by Hall. 

understanding personal space across cultures -> where you stand when you talk to someone is reflexive and varies widely depending on your culture. 

• Monochronic vs. polychronic by Hall
• sequential vs. synchronic by tromenaars/H.T
• linear vs. flexible by Meyer
• Long-term vs. short-term Hofstede

• Low-context vs. high context by Hall/Meyer
• Individualism vs. collectivsm Hofstede T. /H.T.
• Masculinity vs. femininity by Hofstede
• Achievement vs. ascription by Trompenaars/H.T.
• Task-based vs relationship-based by Meyer

• uncertainty avoidance (high vs. low) by Hofstede
• Indulgence vs. restraint by Hofstede
• Neutral vs. emotional by Tromenaars/H.T.
• Confrontational vs. confrontation avoidance by Meyer
• Direct vs. indirect feedback by Meyer

• power distance (high vs. low) by Hofstede
• Egalitarianism vs. hierarchical by Meyer
• Consensual vs. top-down Meyer

• universalism vs. particularism by Trompenaars/H.T.
• specific vs. diffuse by Tromenaars/H.T.
• internal vs. external control by Tromenaars/H.T.
• principles-first vs. applications-first by Meyer

 Edward T. Hall used the term polychronic to describe the preference for doing several things at once. Conversely, monochronic refers to an individual’s preference to do their activities one by one.

People in monochronic cultures such as the U.S. or Germany prefer promptness, careful planning and rigid commitment to plans. They also tend to be task-oriented whereas people from polychronic cultures are people-oriented. Cultures such as Italy or Brazil are considered to be polychronic since they prefer to have multiple things happening at once. Polychronic cultures tend to prioritise relationships over tasks and do not consider time commitments to be binding.

Developed by trompenhaars/H.T

Sequentia time: People like events to happen in order. They place a high value on punctuality, planning (and sticking to your plans), and staying on schedule. In this culture, "time is money," and people don't appreciate it when their schedule is thrown off.

- focus on one activity or project at a time. 

- be punctual

- keep deadlines

- set clear deadlines

Synchronous time: People see the past, present, and future as interwoven periods. They often work on several projects at once, and view plans and commitments as flexible.

- be flexible in how you approach work.

- allow people to be flexible on tasks and projects, where possible.

- highlight the importance of punctuality and deadlines if these are key to meeting objectives. 

typical sequential-time cultures include Germany, u.k. and U.s.

typical synchronous-time cultures include japan, Argentina, and Mexico