Public Transport and Railways

Ballast tracks:

• + the gravel superstructure is inexpensive to build
• + advantageous design in bad underground
• + easy to rebuild
• + insensitive to derailment
• + provides noise (and vibration) dampening
• - depending on the line load, the ballast must be cleaned and partially repaced
• - in high-speed traffic, the secondary deflection may cause the rails to be corrugated --> sound increase 10dB

Ballastless track:

• + long-term stable track position
  • long bridges
  • tunnels (firm ground and vertical space limited)
• + Low (or none) maintenance costs for small maintenance (unknown costs for big repairs, replacements
• + no gravel flight or movement
• - track position poorly regulated
• - louder due to higher sound reflection
• - difficult item replacement
• - more complex electrical insulation
• - expensive (often 2 to 2.5 times more expensive)

European Rail Traffic Management System

ERTMS Level 1 and 2 --> fixed block

ERTMS Level 3 --> moving block

Following

Opposite

Merging

Sequence

Crossing

Main Content

• Max force against speed
• Max power
• Max speed

Implication

• Possible speeds
• Possible acceleration
• Possible load

• Speed > 200 km/h
• exploitable almost only on dedicated infrastructure
• high strength tracks or ballast-free tracks
• high precision alignment
• limited curvature radii and limited slopes
• high electric power required
• average speed is highly dependend on amount of stops

Advantages:

• Flexibility of infrastructure usage
• Less and faster infrastructure setup
• Greater friction --> better adhesion --> higher de-/acceleration
• good service in rural areas with frequent stops

Disadvantages

• Mixed traffic; congestion effects; pedestrian crossing and traffic lights
• Adhesion forces (rolling friction); quality of road
• Limited length/capacity

+ Seperated infrastructure

+ Very high capacity

+ Large doors, level acces --> short dwell times

Public = Usable by All

    --> Requires a Driver

         --> High fixed costs

             --> Bundle Demand

                 --> Organise in Lines

Node Density

Network Density

Line Density

Frequency

Number of Services

Connection Structure

• Work
• Education
• Shopping
• Business
• Delivery
• Tourism

Timing characteristics: Concentrated/Peak, Dispersed, work days, working hours, dispersed/holiday

Spatial characteristics: Bundled, dispersed

= Public Private Partnership

Company formed by state and private actors to provide and/or operate infrastructure and services.

Independent (Track-less):
- Wheels move on broad smooth surface (eg. street)
- Vehicle moves freely in two dimensions

Track based:
- Wheels move on narrow horizontal surface ("track")
- Vehicle moves only along the track

Physical infrastructure providing both vertical support and horizontal guidance.

- Routes

- Stations

- Rolling stocks (vehicles)

Choosing and arranging the building blocks (routes, stations, rolling stock) to obtain
maximum benefits at the minimum cost.

Negative:

• Accidents (costs for hospital, police, legal, intangible costs, ...)
• Building damage caused by air pollution and vibrations
• Health costs due to air and noise pollution
• Environmental (climate change, habitat loss, runoff, property values, ...)
• Congestion (time is money)

Positive:

• Transport employment
• Agglomeration effects (e.g. competition and innovation)
• Increase in land value

Transportation investments increase the differences between two regions.

Large quantities can be moved more efficiently than small quantities

--> therefore heavily used roads are more competitive than less used roads

- Transport routes with higher demands, such as those to large cities, are more highly developed.

- This further increases the attractiveness of these cities for development.

People who have no choice expect to use public transport are often called "captive riders" (versus "choice riders")

Captive drivers: People who cannot use the PT (location, handicapped)

- Human life stages (students may use PT more than older people)

- Population density

- Quality of service

1. Travel Demand Modelling

2. Elasticities

1. Trip generation- how many trips are made in an area? (based on socio-economic data)

2. Trip distribution - where do the trips go? (gravity model)

3. Mode choice - what mode of transport is used for the trips? (depends on socio-economic data)

4. Trip assignment - wich route do they use?

1. Level - traffic

2. Level - control

3. Level - building & maintenance

Type = what is being moved (passengers or goods/freight)?

Mode = what is used to perform the movement?

Private / Public = who owns the vehicle and infrastructure?

Individual / Collective = who decides where the vehicle goes?

Purpose = why is the transport being carried out?