Semantics 666
JLU Semantics
JLU Semantics
Kartei Details
| Karten | 69 |
|---|---|
| Sprache | English |
| Kategorie | Englisch |
| Stufe | Universität |
| Erstellt / Aktualisiert | 24.05.2020 / 08.06.2020 |
| Weblink |
https://card2brain.ch/box/20200524_semantics
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| Einbinden |
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diachronic
documenting linguistic change through time
syntax
the rules that govern the ways in which words combine to form phrases, clauses and sentences. syntax (greek) = “arrange together”
system < -- > use
system = formal aspect of language
< -- >
use = actual use of language
system based linguistics
formal aspect of language
usage based linguistics
actual use of language ;emphasising pragmatics and concepts
transformational grammar
system of language analysis that recognises the various elements of a sentence
typology
studies and classifies languages according to their structural and functional features, Aim = describing and explaining common properties and structural diversity
Universal Grammar
Chomskyan theory: a certain set of structural rules is innate to humans, independent of sensory experience
universals (formal < -- > substantive)
formal u. = statements on the form the rules of a grammar can take; substantiva u. = the grammatical categories universally available and necessary for analysing language.
well-formedness
quality of a clause, word or other linguistic element that conforms to the grammar of the language it is part of
Lexeme
A lexeme is a unit of lexical meaning that underlies a set of words that are related through inflection. It is a basic abstract unit of meaning, a unit of morphological analysis in linguistics that roughly corresponds to a set of forms taken by a single root word. For example, in English, run, runs, ran and running are forms of the same lexeme, which can be represented as run.
Root Word
A root (or root word) is a word that does not have a prefix in front of the word or a suffix at the end of the word.
Free morphemes
Free morphemes can function independently as words (e.g. town, dog) and can appear within lexemes (e.g. town hall, doghouse).
Morpheme
A morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit in a language. A morpheme is not identical to a word. The main difference between them is that a morpheme sometimes does not stand alone, but a word, by definition, always stands alone.
apparent-time
a methodological construct in sociolinguistics whereby language change is studied by comparing the speech of individuals of different ages. Thus by comparing younger and older speakers the direction of language change can be detected
real-time
sociolinguistic research method concerned with observing linguistic variation and change in progress via longitudinal studies. Real time studies track linguistic variables over time by collecting data from a speech community at multiple points in in a given period
applied linguistics
solutions to language related real-life problems
arbitrariness
absence of any natural or necessary connection between a words meaning and its sound or form
autonomy
a variety is autonomous if it has independent cultural status
British National Corpus
BNC, 1990s, 100 million words, BrE, 10% spoken, 90% written
competence < -- > performance
technical knowledge vs what is actually being said
contrastive linguistics
systematic comparison between two (or more) languages (Whorf 1941)
conventionality
conventional sign are analogous to a picture / model (unlike arbitrary signs)
corpora
“body”; collection of words in (for example) a dictionary
corpus linguistics
analysis of naturally occuring language on the basis of computerised corpora. takes frequency of phenomena into account
descriptive < -- > prescriptive
descriptive = neutral description of language; prescriptive = formulating rules for the “right” usage
dichotomy
oppositions
empirical
based on studies (authentic data)
introspective
based on thoughts and intuition of linguist
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