Carbohydrates

Monosaccharide (monomer), Disaccharide (dimer), Oligosaccharide, Polysaccharide

Aldohexose has an aldehyde (O=C-H) on the first carbon (position 1), Ketohexose has a ketone (C=O) on the second carbon (position 2)

Glucose is a monosaccharide with six carbons (hexose) with an aldehyde group on the first carbon (O=C-H).

It appears in a straight chain but can transform into a ringform where the C5 hydroxyl group (O-H) reacts with the aldehyde group on the C1. 

Numbering starts at the carbon (C1) connected to the aldehyde group and follows the longest line untl C6.

Alpha and beta are both glucose but enantiomers (mirror images). The difference is the location of the hydroxyl group (aplha: beneath the C1, beta above C1)

Alpha and beta are enantiomers (mirror images from each other), where the alpha has the hydroxyl group beneath the C1 and the beta above the C1

Pair of molecules that are mirror images of each other 

Ketohexose (C=O group at C2 and six carbons)

C₆H₁₂O_{6, whereas two carbons in cyclic form are outside the ring} 

_{There are 4 cyclic structures: alpha fructofuranose & beta fructofuranose (C1&C6 are not in ring) and alpha fructopyranose & beta fructopyranose (only C1 is not in ring)}

Galactose: C₆H₁₂O₆ (aldohexose, same as glucose but hydroxyl group is above C4)

_Ribose: C₅H₁₀O₅ (aldopentose, same as deoxyribose just an OH at C2)

_Deoxyribose: C₅H₁₀O₄ (aldopentose, same as ribose just an H at C2)

BR test's if a sugar is reducing or non reducing. The benedicts reagent (copper (II) sulphate etc. forming a alkaline, aqaeous solution) is mixed with a solution of a sugar (like glucose). The glucose is oxidising (losing an electron) whereas the copper (II) is reduced and gains the electron from the sugar. This turns the copper into copper (I) and is a percipitate with an brick red colour.

OIL RIG (oxidation is loss, reduction is gain of electrons)

A sugar is reducing if the anomeric carbon has an OH group (open chain structure) attached to it whereas non reducing don't have this property. Also free aldehyde groups reduce and ketone groups can tautoimerize in to aldoses, which let them reduce aswell. 

Covalent bond between two monosaccharides building a disaccharide joined by a oxygen atom.

Can be above the plane (beta glycosidic bond) or below the plane (alpha glycosidic bond)

Condensation reaction occurs when made (h20 is "removed")

Hydrolysis reaction occurs when broken (h20 is "added")

Change from hemiacetal (R-OH-R) to acetal (R-O-R)

1.Maltose (Glucose-Glucose)

2.Lactose (Glucose-Galactose)

3.Sucrose (Glucose-Fructose)

4.Cellobiose (Glucose-Glucose)

Amylose = beta - glucose units

Amylopectin = alpha -glucose units

Glycogen = 

Cellulose = beta - glucose units