Vorlesung 11; terrain

physical configuration and features of land, terrain and associated features -> mit Bäumen, Häusern etc.

height/depth of terrain element with respect to vertical datum plane such as sea level

differenc between maximum and minimum elevations within a given area

- levelling

- GPS (Global Positioning System)

- Radar

- Lidar

Digital Elevation Model / Digitales Terrainmodell

digital representation of continuous terrain, used to represent bare-earth terrain without vegetation and manmade features

Landoberfläche mit Relief und der Konfiguration von natürlichen Phänomenen und anthropogenen Artefakten

- contour lines = isohypses: imaginary lines connecting points of equal elevation, show geomorphological forms

- isobath = depth contours: show seafloor relief/ terrain as contour lines

- hachure: short lines of varying width drawn in direction of steepest gradient, steepness through darkness usually combined with lighting effect

- psysiographic: sketching landforms, plan/oblique view often combined with relief shading

- shaded relief: casting light across terrain produces lighted and shadowed parts, produces a plastic 3D effect, terrain better perceived

- sun tint

- relief shading

- contour lines

- rock drawing (large-scale maps of mountainous terrain)

- scree pattern (loose rocks covering a slope, typically on large-scale maps of mountainous terrain)

- hypsometric tinting: use of color hues to represent terrain & enhance relief cues, low altitudes -> green (fertile), above tree-line -> brownish, high altitudes -> blue (snow, glaciers)

- relief inversion: optical illusion when light source is not NW, but rather SE

- oblique views: Schrägriss, oblique viewing in direction of a terrain representation, appear 3D, but are essentially on 2D surfaces

- panorama maps:

- more picture-like representation

- less abstract

- popular in tourism

- distorted, no unique scale

- appear 3D

- Block diagrams:

- oblique view of terrain that also includes cutaway views of subsurface, often along edges of map extent

- draped images:

- images are draped over terrain (DEM)

- image data = aerial photo, satellite image, raster map

- configuration of landscape, all topographic features without relief:

- urban areas (Siedlung, z.B. Gebäude)

- transportation network (Verkehrswege, z.B. Strasse)

- hydrography, water bodies (Gewässer, z.B. See)

- land cover (Bodenbedeckung, z.B. Vegetation)

- individual features (Einzelobjekte, z.B. Antenne)

- boundaries (Grenzen, z.B. Gemeindegrenze)

- terrain (in der 3. Dimension)

- toponyms (labeling of the features)

- map grid, Beschriftungen etc.

- show spatial configuration of natural & manmade features (what is where?)

- show relationships, topology, connectivity of features

- show distance, directions, areas

- tool for all sorts of problems with spatial/ geographic character

- orientation, navigation, route planning

- completeness: scale and purpose define what needs to be represented

- accuracy: Lagegenauigkeit, Grundrisstreue, minimal enlargement of transportation networks and urban areas, measurable relief representation, sensible & purposeful taxonomy and classification of features

- clarity: natural looking representation, good legibility, harmony