Energy and Transport Future - Multiple Choice

Driving on a plateau (= high flat plane) reduces the fuel consumption

Given the same driving cycle, trucks experience an increase in every term of the force equation compared to cars.

The human body can be assumed to have an efficiency food→physicalmotionfood→physicalmotion of 10%, while an ICEV has a powertrain efficiency fuel→wheelpowerfuel→wheelpower of about 18%. Considering the trip of a single person from Zurich to Winterthur, which of the two means of transportation uses less input energy ( food,fuelfood,fuel )?

Emissions measured on the dyno (and used for compliance with the norms) are lower than the actual on-road emissions. This is due to the fact that tests are performed in conditions which strongly differ from reality. Given that all the following conditions are true, which is the least important when trying to explain the emissions gap?

It’s accepted that total vkm on Saturdays is the same as other days, but less cars are driven for longer distances. If all cars were electric, the evening charging peak would be higher on Saturdays than on other days.

Station-to-Wheel CO₂ emissions of FCEVs are higher than BEVs.

Ignoring the fuel for take-off, to double the range of a plane the fuelled kerosene must more than double.

Assuming same conditions, if hydrogen is produced with electrolysis, operating a FCEV always requires more primary energy than a BEV.

CO₂-wise, operating a HEV is a better option than operating an ICEV only in countries with green electricity production (CO₂ intensity < 200 g/kWh).

In a country with green electricity production, the longer the distance driven over the lifetime, the lower the overall CO₂ impact of a BEV compared to an ICEV.

Autonomous cars will likely drive longer than conventional cars over their lifetime. Making them electric makes thus sense both economically and environmentally.

In a country whose grid is interconnected with neighbouring countries, the consumption electricity mix is usually (>60%) dirtier than the production mix.

In Switzerland, during daily rush hour, more than 10% of all the cars is moving.

It's accepted that, when looking at the distances driven on a day, 40% of the cars can successfully be converted to BEVs. If you look at yearly mobility, this share would increase (ignore modal shift).

Consider a PFCEV (=FCREV) that ensures the same total driving range of a FCEV, but consumes less hydrogen by replacing it with electricity from the plug. If hydrogen is currently produced through steam methane reforming with fossil natural gas, how would the environmental footprint of the PFCEV be compared to the FCEV?

CO2 emissions are greater than CO2-eq emissions.

The carbon intensity (CI) of primary energy sources descends in the following order: CI(Coal) > CI(Gas) > CI(Oil)

The terms of the Kaya equation are in reality independent on one another.

Energy can be measured in the following units: PJ, MW, Ttoe, BTU, calorie

Do heat pumps only take in electricity as an energy input?

Global total primary energy supply describes the input of naturally available resources to the energy system of the world, whereas the useful energy demand describes the energy needed to provide energy services such as lighting, heating.

Does the theoretical Coefficient of Performance of a heat pump increase with a smaller temperature spread between upper and lower temperature reservoir?

Fossil fuels are scarce resources. The world's energy demand will deplete them before the remaining CO2 Budget is exploited.

Can internal combustion engines, gas turbines and fuel cells each be used as combined heat and power plants that output valuable heat and electricity at the same time?

Does switching the energy carrier of your heating system potentially lead to a decrease in heating demand in terms of useful energy?

Negative CO2 emissions per capita are possible and negative energy demands per capita are possible.

Assume that the annual capacity additions of renewable energy technologies [GW/year] have followed the path, given in Figure 1, until a fictional time "today". From this point onwards, various trajectories of future deployment (A, B, C) are conceivable/imaginable. From the sets of explanations (1, 2, 3) given below, select the single set (1, 2 or 3) that holds the best/most correct explanations for the three development scenarios.

Does space heating typically account for the majority of the energy demand of residential buildings in cold European countries?

A unit of thermal energy can easily, i.e. with efficiencies over 80%, be converted into electrical energy.