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PEM - Kauf
PEM - Kauf
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Cartes-fiches
01a. What are the four phases of technology management in the product development process after Ewald (in the right order)? (2) Slide 12 / 102
1. Which technologies are attractive? Early detection!
New technologies and new trends
2. Matching with own portfolio (todays and future)
Evaluating opportunity-risk ratio
3. Defining and evaluating possible strategies
Detailing and phrasing the strategy
4. Planning of research and development resources and implementing the strategy
From strategy to operative implementation
02a. Is “Target Costing” an effective method for innovative products? Please justify your answer. (1) Slide 18
No, fairly ineffective for innovative products.
Strong customer oriented method, but no existing market for innovative products.
02b1. We discussed several methodical approaches for target costing
Out of company
Market into company
Into and out of company
02b2. We discussed several methodical approaches for target costing. Please describe the “out of company” approach. (1) Slide 19
Out of company: Target costs depending on own possibilities. Main parameters like development effort and production facilities are relevant for the target costs. Low market orientation f. e. public call for proposals
02b3. We discussed several methodical approaches for target costing. Please describe the “Market into company” approach. (1) Slide 19
Market into company: Target costs depending on market/competitors. Original approach of target costing. Market and competitor oriented. Comparison with competitive products and correlating pieces.
02b4. We discussed several methodical approaches for target costing. Please describe the “Into and out of company” approach. (1) Slide 19
Into and out of company: Combination of both methods. Definition of a target agreement process, no fixed market oriented value
02c. When is "Out of company" approach meaningful? (1)
When there is no competitive market that is ruling the price.
04a. What are the three “official” dimensions of the magic triangle of product development? (1) Slide 25
Function / Quality – Cost / Price – Time
04b. What is meant by “Diverging product life cycles” in this context? (1)
Example airplane seat: mechanic lasts 10 years, electronic lasts less or outdated
04c. Regarding customer types we could differentiate between consumer goods and industrial goods. Describe briefly the two resulting customer types. (1) Slide 26
Customer from consumer good industry:
Anonymous, huge crowd, indirect information of wishes
Customer from industrial good industry
Personally known, detailed requirements available
05a. What is the main target of “Heijunka”? (1) Slide 30
No differences of output and input -> method of production leveling / smoothing
delivery: just-in-time or just-in-sequence -> direct assembly and no storage
05b. Which aspects have to be leveled at Heijunka? (1,5) Slide 31
Product volume – Product mix – Product sequence
05c. Please explain why Heijunka could have a positive effect regarding “defective products” within your production. (1)
Because there is no production of large batches, there can’t be large batches of defective products. Problems can be solved, defects reworked, and next batch produced without defects.
05d. Can the approach “Heijunka” easily be adapted from production to product development? Please justify your answer. (1) Slide 38
Heijunka in product development requires basic stability in a process, clear stages, standard amount of time and engineering hours.
06a. What is the product architecture of a product? (1) Slide 41
Functional structure:
functions
sub functions
product structure
components
modules
07a. What is the “obeya” and what is it used for? (1) Slide 51
Obeya = “big room”. All involved individuals of the product development process meet up in one room to speed up communication and decision making.
Used for team spirit improvement at an administrative level.
08a. What is the meaning of “Genchi genbutsu” and why is it so important for the management? (1) Slide 51
Genchi genbutsu = “go and see”. It’s a key approach in problem solving. If the problem exists on the shop floor, it can only be understood and solved on the shop floor.
09a. According to Morgan and Liker product development is a sociotechnical system. Slide 48
a) What are the other two dimensions beside of process? (1)
Skilled people
tools & technology
09b. According to Morgan and Liker product development is a sociotechnical system. Slide 48
Desribe 2 principles of the dimension “process”. (2)
- Front-load the product development process to explore thoroughly alternative solutions.
(Front-Load in der Produktentwicklung hilft alternative Lösungen zu entdecken.)
(Front-Load: Anforderungen frühzeitig festlegen, Entscheidungen frühzeitig treffen) - Utilize rigorous standardization to reduce variance and create flexibility and predictionable outcomes.
(Verwenden Sie eine strenge Standardisierung, um Abweichungen zu reduzieren und Flexibilität und vorhersagbare Ergebnisse zu schaffen.) - Establish customer-defined values (customer = starting point)
- Create a leveled product development flow
10a. What is the meaning of “leveled product development process flow” within the product development system? (1) Slide 50
Synchronize processes across functional departments, reduce rework, create short and frequent management meetings, minimize queues
10b. What is meant by „hoshin kanri“? (1)
Japanese strategic planning process (management by policy). Ensure that the mission/vision is communicated throughout an organization, from top manager to shop floor worker.
10c. What are the needed competences of a chief engineer within the product development system? (1)
Chief engineer is a leader and technical integrator, but no project manager. He has to understand both, the customer and the producer. Qualitative market research is obligatory.
10d. What is the main advantage to nominate and integrate a supplier in the development process of the OEM and what is the main disadvantage? (2) Slide 52
Create a confidential but still competitive working relation. Integrate guest engineers in your development teams.
11a. Name the three phases of “Value Stream Management” in the right order. (1,5) Slide 56
Value Stream Mapping:
model of material and information stream
Value Stream Design:
optimization of value stream, elimination of non-value activities
Value Stream Planning:
organizational aspects
11b. In which phase of “Value Stream Management” are questions answered like: “What will be the alternative cost and what is their feasibility”? (1)
Value Stream Design: Evaluation (alternative costs and feasibility)
11c. Where does the “Value Stream Management” approach originally come from? (0,5)
Slide 55
V-Model VDI 2206, validation of customer fulfillment (customer wishes, demands)
11d. How must the processes be to create good results with “Value Stream Management”? Please justify your answer. (1) Slide 56
Good results and improvement if processes are stable.
12a. Name two of the seven wastes within the product development system with an appropriate example. (2) Slide 39
- Overproduction: products need to be stored until sold
- Useless Processes
- Useless Motions
- Defects, Reword, Scrap
- Overstocking: storage area also costs money
- Waiting: different cycle times in production sequence, waiting for decision
- Transportation: large distance between two operations
12b. Why doesn’t Kaizen (CIP) make sense if you need quick changes in your organization e.g. due to a very high market competition? (1)
Kaizen aims to eliminate waste by improving standardized programs and processes continuously over long time (not short time - quick)
13. What are the three dimensions of the search pattern after Abell in Technology Management? (1,5)
What – Functions
Who – Customer group
How – Alternative Technologies
14a. What is the purpose of a “technology radar” within technology management? (1)
Slide 105
Identify deficits and competences
Detect potentials
Clustering of technologies (high, medium, low)
14b. Which dimensions could a technology radar within a car company have?
Please name 4 meaningful (sinnvolle) dimensions. (2) Slide 105
Engine – combustion, electric
Energy resource – gasoline, battery, fuel cell
Sensors – rain sensor, adaptive cruise control, lane keeping assist
Material – steel, aluminum, CFK, GFK
15a. What are the four phases of the VDI-Richtlinie 2221? (1) Slide 74
Phase I: Task definition – Aufgabe klären
Phase II: Conceptualizing – Konzipieren
Phase III: Embodiment – Entwerfen
Phase IV: Detailing – Ausarbeiten
15b. Would this “method“ (VDI 2221) make sense for electronic components like microprocessors or for mechanical components like water pumps? Please justify your answer for both product types. (1)
VDI 2221 better for mechanical components
VDI 2206 better for electronic components
16a. Name three of the 6 prerequisites that have to be considered generating requirements incl. a brief explanation? (1,5) Slide 133
Relevant: apply to functions, solution concepts, components of products
Free of conflicts: are not in conflict to other requirements
Consistent: are consistent and coherent
Definite: formulated comprehensible
Quantifiable: could be quantified and divided in different characteristics
Measurable: could be measured
16b. Why could it make sense to analyze “analog markets” for generating further requirements for a new product? (1)
Internal analysis could leave relevant requirements undetected.
Learn from analogous markets – don’t make same mistakes
17a. Requirements could be prioritized with the “Kano Model”. Use the following chart. (3,5!)
Label the axis, draw in the characteristic correlations, describe each correlation and name one example Slide 137
Must-be characteristics: are expected – cellphone with call-function
Quality characteristics: are satisfying – cellphone with 12 MP camera
Delighter characteristics: are surprising / pleasing – cellphone with slow-motion function
17b. What is a lead user incl. one example? (1) Slide 176
Lead users lead relevant trends. They therefore encounter needs much earlier than the general marketplace. Lead users are creative persons and often experts from outside the mainstream user segments.
F. e. extreme users, technology experts from analogous markets
17c. Which two methods do exist for the identification of a lead user? (1)
Pyramidig
Screening
17d. Which method (Pyramiding or Screening) would you prefer? Please justify your answer. (1)
Pyramiding, because of recommendation of lead users
