Hygiene

Among the examples below, point to primary prevention means 1. vaccinations
2. the promotion of healthy eating 
3. correctional and rehabilitation activites

4. re-education 
5. screening 
6. hygiene education and work
7. rehabilitation Correct answers are 

Specifically-dynamic action of food means

WHO recommends a reduction in sodium intake to reduce blood pressure and risk of cardiovascular disease, stroke and coronary heart disease in adults. WHO recommends a reduction to:

Free sugars include:

The indicator of type of obesity (abdominal/gluteal) is:

BMI is a simple index of weight for height commonly used to classify underweight, overweight and obesity in adults, Patient with BMI=33 is: 

BMR is not:

A diet rich dietary fibre tends to:

Deficiency of this mineral is linked to low bone density of new-born and maternal osteomalacia

Epiderm and mucousal epithelium metaplasia (respiratory tract, intestinal tract, urogenital system), skin, vessels?, follicular hyperkeratosis, xeropthalmia, keratitis, corneal cloudiness, keratomalacia are symptoms related with:

Beri-beri, Wernicke encephalopathy, nystagmus, ataxia, Korsakoff psychosis are related with:

You examine a poor child with generalized oedema, sparse and depigmented hair, skin rash, angular stomatitis?, distended abdomen and enlarged liver. The symptoms are characteristic for:

Which sentences about exposure to lead are false?

A. B. C. D.

E.

F. G. H.

At high levels of exposure, lead attacks the brain and central nervous system to cause come, convulsions and even death 

Children who survive severe lead poisoning may be left with mental retardation and behavioral disorders 

At lower levels of exposure that causes no obvious symptoms and that previously were considered safe, lead is now known to produce a spectrum of injury across multiple body systems 

In particular lead affects children’s brain development resulting in reduced intelligence quotient (IQ), behavioral changes such as reduced attention span and increased antisocial behavior and reduced educational interest. 

Lead exposure also causes anemia, hypertension, renal impairment, immunotoxicity and toxicity to the reproductive organs 

The neurological and behavioral effects of lead are believed to be reversible 
Safe blood concentration is less than 10mg/dl 
Lead stored in bone may be remobilized into the blood during pregnancy, thus exposing the fetus

People can be exposed to lead through:

Minamata disease with severe cases suffering brain damage, paralysis, incoherent speech and delirium was caused by?

BOD is

The aim of primordial prevention is:

Which sentence about folic acid is false?

Sensitivity is:

Work-related stress can be caused by:

1. Poor work organistaion 

2. The way we design jobs and work systems, and the way we manage them 

3. Poor work design 

4. Lack of control over work process 

5. Poor management 

6. Unsatisfactory working conditions 

7. Lack of support from collagenous supervisors 

„Degree at which certain product or nutrient may be broken down to its basic absorbable components“ is a definition of

Which of the following best describes the study designs that can be either retrospective or prospective and is often used when the investigators are interested in rare exposure:

The Bradford Hill criterion ”coherence” means that the association has been observed repeatedly in different places, by different observers and at different times

Investigators examine data from insurance company records to assess mortality associated with air pollution among Wroclaw inhabitants. The mortality factors they consider are age at deaths, gender, cause of death, comorbidity. This is an example of a:

If an exposure is a cause of disease, then “temporality” is the Bradford Hill criterion for casual interference that must hold true between exposure and disease. 

Bias is

So-called Hill’s criteria must be met to establish a cause-effect relationship. Which of the following does not belong?

All of the following are measures of dispersion EXCEPT:

Which type of epidemiological study is useful for relative risk analysis?

The value that occurs most frequently in a set of data is defined as the:

Number of fetal deaths in a year expressed as a proportion of the total number of births in the same year is a definition of:

Hand disinfection (hand rub) should last

Hand wash should last

Are statements considering the alcohol use true or false?
Alcohol consumption linked with smoking greatly decreases the risk of oral cancer 

Alcohol consumption during pregnancy has harmful effect on fetal development

Choose false sentence about fetal alcohol syndrome

Which of the following is not the reason for starting smoking

Major diseases impacted by alcohol consumption include

Choose true sentences about tobacco smoking

1. Tobacco products are products made entirely or partly of leaf tobacco as raw material, which are

   intended to be smoked, sucked, chewed or snuffed 

2. Tobacco products contain the highly addictive psychoactive ingredient, nicotine 

3. Tobacco use is one of the main risk factors for a number of chronic diseases, including cancer, lung cancer, lung diseases and cardiovascular diseases 

4. Tobacco use is common throughout the world 

5. A number of countries have legislation restricting tobacco advertising, and regulation who can buy and use tobacco products, and where people can smoke

Choose false sentence about second-hand smoke.