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This flashcard set is designed for university-level medical students, focusing on bacterial infections, their mechanisms, and treatments. It covers key topics like bacterial structures such as spores and capsules, the action of antimicrobial drugs, and the role of normal flora in the body. Students will learn about specific bacteria, their characteristics, and the diseases they cause, as well as the resistance mechanisms and treatment options. This set is invaluable for those studying microbiology and infectious diseases, providing a comprehensive overview of bacterial pathogens and their clinical relevance.

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Langue

Anglais

Catégorie

Médecine

Niveau

Université

Créé / Mis à jour

22.01.2019 / 27.01.2019

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The normal flora is distributed in the body EXCEPT for:

the skin

the mouth

the upper respiratory tract

the blood

The normal flora plays an important role because it:

provide vitamin K

stimulates the development of the immune system

produces antimicrobial substances

all of these

The normal flora can cause the clinical problems when:

the organisms are transmitted from their normal site in the body to an abnormal site

individuals are immunocomprised

the normal bowel flora is depleted by antibiotic therapy

all of these

The lipopolysaccharide (LPS) consist of:

lipid A

core polysaccharide

O antigen

all of these

Each of the following statements concerning gram-positive cell wall is correct EXCEPT for:

is thicker, multilayered, consisting mainly of peptidoglycan

includes teichoic and lipoteichoic acid

includes LPS

can be degraded by lysosome

Which answer is not characteristic for the capsule:

is usually a polysaccharide

in case of Bacillus Anthracis is poly-D-glutamic acid

protects bacteria from antibodies

consist of peptidoglycan

Which of the following statements concerning bacterial spore is incorrect:

are formed by gram-negative bacteria

are resistant to heat, desiccation, ultraviolet light

are sensitive to sterilization procedures

enhance survival during periods of nutritional deprivation

Sterilization is characteristic for:

A) the total destruction of all microbes

B) use of the physical procedures or chemical agents

C) not destroying spore of bacteria

A) and C) are correct

A) and B) are correct

Penicillins are characteristic for the following features:

they belong to B-lactam antibiotics

they inhibit the synthesis of bacterial cell wall

their action is bactericidal

all of these

Genes can be transferred from one bacterial cell to another by:

conjugation

transduction

transformation

all of these

Each of the following statements concerning the surface structures of bacteria is correct EXCEPT

fimbriae mediate the interaction of bacteria with mucosal epithelium

polysaccharide capsule retard phagocytosis

both Gram-negative rods and cocci have lipopolysaccharide (endotoxin) in their cell wall

bacterial flagella are nonantigenic in humans because they closely resemble human flagella in chemical composition

Each of the following statements concerning peptidoglycan is correct EXCEPT:

it has a backbone composed of alternating units of muramic acid and acetylglucosamine

cross- links between the tetrapeptides involve D-alanine

is thinner in Gram-positive than in Gram-negative cells

it can be degraded by lysozyme

Each of the following statements concerning bacterial spore is correct EXCEPT:

spores are formed under adverse environmental conditions such as the absence of a carbon source

spores are resistant to boiling

spores are metabolically inactive and contain dipicolinic acid, a calcium chelator

spores are formed primarily by Gram-negative cocci

Each of the following statements concerning endotoxins is correct EXCEPT:

the toxicity of endotoxins is due to the lipid portion of the molecule

endotoxins are present in most Gram-positive bacteria

endotoxins are located in the cell wall

endotoxins are found in gram-negative bacteria

In the Gram-stain, the decolorization of Gram-negative bacteria by alcohol is MOST closely related to:

proteins encoded by F plasmids

lipids in the cell wall

70S ribosomes

branched polysaccharides in the capsule

Bacteria that grow best at a temp of between 0 – 10 C are called:

mesophile

thermophile

haiophile

psychrophile

A neutrofiles are:

microorganisms that live optimally at 80 C

microorganisms that live optimally in an environment that is optimally in an environment that is pH 7

microorganisms that live optimally in the anaerobic environment

microorganisms that live optimally in absence of light

Each of the following statements concerning the surface structures of bacteria is correct EXCEPT

polysaccharide capsules do not retard phagocytosis

fimbria mediate the interaction of bacteria with mucosal epithelium

bacterial flagella are antigenic

both gram-negative rods & cocci have lipopolysaccharide (endotoxin) in their cell wall

Each of the following statements concerning the Gram stain is correct EXCEPT:

Gram-negative bacteria stain pink because they have a thin peptidoglycan layer

Gram-positive bacteria stain violet because they have a thick peptidoglycan layer

Gram-negative bacteria stain pink because they have a thick peptidoglycan layer & outer membrane

Gram-positive bacteria stain violet because they have a thick peptidoglycan layer & lack of outer membrane

Each of the following statements concerning the killing of bacteria is correct EXCEPT:

100% ethanol kills more effectively than ethanol solutions

an autoclave uses steam under pressure to reach the killing temperature 121 C

the pasteurization of milk kills pathogens but allows many organisms & spores to survive

UV radiation is the method of disinfection

Each of the following statements concerning peptidoglycan is correct EXCEPT:

it has a backbone composed of alternating units of muramic acid & acetylglucosamine

cross-links between the tetrapeptides involve D-alanine

it is thinner in Gram-positive than Gram-negative bacterial cells

it can be degraded by lysozyme

Pasteurization preserves food by:

killing the pathogens & generally decreasing the total numbers of microbes in a food

by sterilizing the milk & juices

by killing Clostridium botulinum spores

by forming bacterial inhibiting chemicals in the heated food

Each of the following statements concerning bacterial capsule is correct EXCEPT:

most bacterial capsules are composed of polysaccharides

capsules inhibit phagocytosis

capsule protects bacterial cells from environmental factors such as drying

capsule provides resistance to antimicrobial agents & disinfectants

Each of the following statements concerning bacterial spore is correct EXCEPT:

their survival is based on their enhanced metabolic activity

they are formed by Gram-positive rods

they can be killed by heating to 121 C for 15 minutes

they contain much less water than bacterial cell

Which of the following statements concerning MRSA is incorrect:

it is resistant to methicillin or oxacillin

its resistance is caused by acquisition of gene mec A

a gene mec A codes for a new penicillin-binding protein

MRSA strains are sensitive to carbapenems

Which of the following statements concerning aminoglycosides is incorrect:

anaerobes are sensitive to aminoglycosides

they are bactericidal

they inhibit bacterial protein synthesis by binding to ribosomes

they are used to treat serious infections caused by many gram-negative rods and some gram-positive organisms

Which one of the following statements correctly describes Vancomycin:

it is used to treat the serious gram-negative infections

it belongs to the aminoglycosides antibiotics

it is active against methicillin-resistant staphylococci

it inhibits the protein synthesis

The mechanism of action of fluroquinolons is:

blocking bacterial protein synthesis

interference with the action of DNA gyrase

inhibition the synthesis of the bacterial cell wall

disruption the synthesis of tetrahydrofolic acid

Which of the following statements concerning the resistance to aminoglycosides is incorrect:

mutation of the ribosomal binding site

inhibited transport of the antibiotic into the bacterial cell

acquisition of a new PBP

enzymatic modification of the antibiotic

Which of the following BEST describes the action of ESBLs:

damage all beta-lactam antibiotics

damage penicillins, cephalosporins, carbopenems

damage penicillins, cephalosporins, monolactams

damage most of beta-lactamases

Each of the following statements concerning the mechanism of action of antimicrobial drugs is correct EXCEPT:

Vancomycin (glycopeptide) acts by inhibiting peptidoglycan synthesis

Quinolones as ciprofloxacin act by inhibiting the DNA gyrase of bacteria

Erythromycin (macrolide) is a drug which disrupts cell membrane

Aminoglycosides as streptomycin are bactericidal drugs that inhibit protein synthesis

Which of the following BEST describes MIC and MBC:

they characterize bacteriostatic and bactericidal action of antimicrobial agents

minimal bacteriostatic (MIC) and maximal bactericidal (MBC) concentration of antimicrobial agents

the main 2 criteria of disc diffusion method (Kirby-Bauer)

two criteria of E-test

For treatment ESBL associated generalized infections the drug of choice are:

all beta-lactams

glycopeptides

carbapenems

tetracyclines

Most commonly involved site of enterococcal infection among hospitalized patients are

Bloodstream and urinary tract infections

Respiratory and urinary tract infections

Wound and intravenous catheter infections

Bloodstream and wound infections

Clostridium perfringenes infection is commonly associated with

Antibiotic treatment

Wound contamination

Immunosuppression

All of the above

Prolonged undulant fever is characteristic for

Brucellosis

Infection of the upper respiratory tract by haemophilus infuenzae

Infection of the urinary tract caused by chylamydia

Leptospirosis

Commensal oral streptococci can cause

Pneumonia

Endocarditis

Otitis media

wound infections

Pathogenesis of enteric fever includes

Penetration with subsequent access to the bloodstream

Upsetting of fluid and electrolyte balance

Invasion and/or cytotoxin production

All of the above

Specific antitoxin is important part of treatment:

Gas gangrene

Pseudomembrane colitis

botulism

none of the above

Axial filaments are characteristic for:

viruses

Chlamydia

Leptospira

Anaerobic bacilli

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