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Fichier Détails
| Cartes-fiches | 183 |
|---|---|
| Langue | English |
| Catégorie | Biologie |
| Niveau | Université |
| Crée / Actualisé | 30.12.2018 / 04.03.2023 |
| Lien de web |
https://card2brain.ch/box/20181230_physiology_and_anatomy_1
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Which substance is released by cells of the duodenum and may provide important blood borne signal in regulation of hunger?
Leptin is a chemical which is relesed from
What is secreted when blood sugar is high?
Insulin
What is the target of ACTH?
What controls hormone release from the anterior pituitary gland?
Which hormone is released in response to decreases in blood glucose concentration?
The autonimuc nervous system has
The division of the autonomic nervous system that maintains homeostasis during resting conditions is the ---- division.
Nerves conducting impusles toward the central nervous system are
Afferent
Immediatly after an action potential is propagated, which one of the ions rapidly diffuses out of the cell?
The sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system are subdivisions of the
An action potential
An action potential is casued by an influx of these ions into the cell
Loss of muscle coordination results from damage to the
The pituitary gland is most closely associated with the
What does the Endocrine system do?
The endocrine system includes gland which secrete hormones into the blood stream. It regulated the metabolism and development of most body cells and body systems through feedback mechanisms
What are hormones?
Hormones are chemical messenger molecules that are made by cells in one part of the body and causes changes in cells in another part of the body.
Hormones are released by glands or specialized cells into the blood circulation
Cell-to-cell communication methods
- Endocrine: Hormones are released into the blood and bind to distant target cells
- Paracrine: Hormones act locally by diffusion from its source to target cells in the neighborhood
- Autocrine: Cells secrete a hormone that binds to autocrine receptors on that same cell leading to changes in the cell
Peptide and Protein Hormones Synthesis
They are synthesized in the rough ER of the endocrine system as large proteins and then form smaller pro-hormones in the ER. Enzymes then cleave the pro-hormones to smaller, activ hormones and inactiv fragments. The vesicles are stored within the cytoplasma. The hormones are released when the secretory vesicles fuse with the cell membrane
Name 3 Peptide and Protein hormones
Oxytocin, Insulin, Glucagon
Common principle for peptide hormones
- Coding of several hormones by one gene
- Depending on the posttranlational precessing, different hormones may be produced from the same precursor in different tissues
Glycoprotein hormones
- Proteins with carbohydrate chains
- Major effect of the carbohydrate connection is that it increases the biological half life considerably
- Glycoprotein have a half life of hours instead of minutes
Name 3 steroid hormones
Glucocorticoids, Mineralcorticoids, Sex steroids
Steroids
Because the steroids are highly lipid soluble, once they are synthesized the simply diffuse across the cell membrane and enter the interstitial fluid and the blood, where they are mainly transported bound to proteins.
Once they are released from the transport proteins, the hormones diffuse through the cell membrane of their target cells
3 distinc zones of the adrenal cortex
- Zona glomerulose
- Zona fasciculata
- Zona reticularis
Secretion of adrenocortical hormones by these 3 distinct zones
Amines
- Derivative of amino acids
- Mainly tyrosin: Catecholamines, thyroid hormones
Catecholamine synthesis
- Synthesized in a series of enzymatic reaction
- Starting from the amino acid tyrosine and then serve as neurotransmitters and hormones
- Adrenalin and noradrenaline are formed in the adrenal medulla
Catecholamines have a dual function
- They are peripheral hormones (primarily adrenaline & noradrenaline)
- They act as neurotransmitters in the nervous system (dopamine)
What are derivatives of arachidonic acid?
- Hormone-like messenger molecues
- They are not produced at a specific site but in many places through the body
- target cells ofter in vicitiny of the site of their secretion
- Important regularty molecules: Eicosanoids
- Most are linked to defense against damage and pathogens
Where are hormone receptors located?
- On the target cell membrane for peptide, protein and catecholamine hormones
- In the cytoplama for steroid hormones
- In the nucleus for thyroid hormones
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