Earlier Englishes
Word list
Word list
Conjunctions
Prepostitions
Adverbs
Irregular verbs
Modal verbs indicate : likelihood, ability, permission, obligation, desire
bēon/wesan
The Old English verb ‘to be’ is an amalgamation of three different verbs, one that accounts for the b- forms, one that accounts of the w- forms and one that accounts for everything else.
Relative pronouns
Personal pronouns: first and second person
Personal pronouns: third person
Demonstrative pronoun: that, those, the
Demonstrative Pronoun: this, these
weak adjectives
preceded by a demonstrative pronoun or a possessive adjective., Endings of weak adjectives are less varying because a demonstrative/possessive fulfills a certain function.
strong adjectives
stand alone, Their ending has to do more ''work" to show the function of the adjective.
Weak Verb
verb that forms its past tense by add a suffix (e.g. -de) to the stem.
e.g. fremman: ic fremme (present), ic fremmede (past) e.g. want, wanted, wanted
Ablaut:
the systematic alteration of a root vowel in order to indicate the meaning or grammatical function of a word.
Strong Verb
verb that forms its tenses by changing its root vowel (Ablaut).
e.g Sing, sang , sung
declension
s a class of nouns or adjectives sharing the same inflections
OE nouns fall into one of several declensions, within which they are inflected for case and number
Some patterns:
- –um is the universal marker of the dative plural.
- General Masculine and General Neuter run parallel.
- Some endings can have more than one meaning, e.g. –e and –a.
Number
a grammatical distinction of quantity, typically between between “one” (singular) and “more than one” (plural). Old English also has the 'dual'.
Grammatical gender:
a means of classifying nouns, often with little correspondence to the biological sex of the objects referred to.
Case
the form of a noun, pronoun, or adjective defining its relationship with other words in a sentence, typically by means of inflection, as in the book’s cover, where ’s signals the genitive (possessive) case
Suffix
an ending of a word that is attached to show inflection (e.g. plural -s}
Inflection
the change in the form of a word to show e.g. case, gender, number, person. In OE, inflection is usually accomplished by the addition of a suffix, or word-ending.
(OE dem. pron. is inflected for case, grammatical gender, and number.) e. .g. stan (Nom. Singular) – stanes (Gen. Singular) , ‘s
Diphthongs
Consonants
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Cartes-fiches
Conjunctions
Prepostitions
Adverbs
Irregular verbs
Modal verbs indicate : likelihood, ability, permission, obligation, desire
bēon/wesan
The Old English verb ‘to be’ is an amalgamation of three different verbs, one that accounts for the b- forms, one that accounts of the w- forms and one that accounts for everything else.
Relative pronouns
Personal pronouns: first and second person
Personal pronouns: third person
Demonstrative pronoun: that, those, the
Demonstrative Pronoun: this, these
weak adjectives
preceded by a demonstrative pronoun or a possessive adjective., Endings of weak adjectives are less varying because a demonstrative/possessive fulfills a certain function.
strong adjectives
stand alone, Their ending has to do more ''work" to show the function of the adjective.
Weak Verb
verb that forms its past tense by add a suffix (e.g. -de) to the stem.
e.g. fremman: ic fremme (present), ic fremmede (past) e.g. want, wanted, wanted
Ablaut:
the systematic alteration of a root vowel in order to indicate the meaning or grammatical function of a word.
Strong Verb
verb that forms its tenses by changing its root vowel (Ablaut).
e.g Sing, sang , sung
declension
s a class of nouns or adjectives sharing the same inflections
OE nouns fall into one of several declensions, within which they are inflected for case and number
Some patterns:
- –um is the universal marker of the dative plural.
- General Masculine and General Neuter run parallel.
- Some endings can have more than one meaning, e.g. –e and –a.
Number
a grammatical distinction of quantity, typically between between “one” (singular) and “more than one” (plural). Old English also has the 'dual'.
Grammatical gender:
a means of classifying nouns, often with little correspondence to the biological sex of the objects referred to.
Case
the form of a noun, pronoun, or adjective defining its relationship with other words in a sentence, typically by means of inflection, as in the book’s cover, where ’s signals the genitive (possessive) case
Suffix
an ending of a word that is attached to show inflection (e.g. plural -s}
Inflection
the change in the form of a word to show e.g. case, gender, number, person. In OE, inflection is usually accomplished by the addition of a suffix, or word-ending.
(OE dem. pron. is inflected for case, grammatical gender, and number.) e. .g. stan (Nom. Singular) – stanes (Gen. Singular) , ‘s
Diphthongs
Consonants
