Biologie

capable of generating all the tissues of a complete new plant

capable of differentiating into many diff cell types 

can reproduce and differentiate, offering potential for medical us

whole genom is cut into small overlapping fragments, which are sequenzed and then rearranged in the computer to get the whole genom

prokariots eukariots 

small         big

small         big

big             smal

only 1.5% in human genome codes for protein or RNA, the rest is pseudogenes or repetitive dna of unknown functio

3.5 billion years ago first prokaryotes

1.8 billion first eukaryotes

1.2 billion first multicellular eukaryote

535 million years ago, increase of animal diversity

500 million colonisation of lanf by plants and fung

small nucleic acid genome enclosed in a protein capsid and sometimes in a viral envelop

use reverse transkriptase to copy their rna genome into host dna as a proviru

naked rna molecules that infect plangts and disrupt growth

slow acting infectious proteins cause brain desease in mammal

prokaryotes require o2

are posioned by o2

can survice with or without o2

proteins secreted by organisms, causes deseases

lipopolysaccharide released if bacteria dies and cell wall breaks down, causes desease

hormones, secreted into extracellular fluid

act on neighboring cells

act on secreting cell itself

act locally

act trough body

released into the environmen

eat plants

eat other animals

eat bot

eating, ingestion

digestion, enzymatic breakdown of large molecules

absorption, uptake of nutritients by cell

elimination, passage of undigested material out of body

single opening mouth which leads inside the organism

tube which leads trough animal, where different areas absorp the food in stepwise fashion.

food in the alimentary canal triggers nerves

avaiability of glucose is regulated by insulin and glucagon which control synthesis of glycogen

leptin and insulin regulate appetit

organs bathed directly in hemolymphe

blood circulates in a network of pumps and vessels

atrium,  ventrikel, arteries, capillares

 capillares, veins, atrium, ventricel 

systole, contraction 

diastole, relaxation

sinoatrial node, right atrium 

trigger atrial contraction 

goes to atrioventricular node 

conducted along bundle branches and purkinje fibers 

triggers ventricular contraction

cellulose, strengthens cell wall

starch, stores glucose for energy

glycogen, stores glucose for energy

chitin, strengthens exoskeleton and fungal cell walls

glycerol and three fatty acids. important energy source

glycerol and phosphate group and two fatty acids. lipid bilayers of membranes

four fused rings . component of cell membranes, cholesterol. signal molecule that travel trough body, hormones

catalyze chemical reactions

provedes structural support

coordinate organismal respones

receive signals froum outside cell

function in cell movement

protect against deseases

shape the cell guides organelles movements, seperate chromosomes in dividing cells

back and forth movement

swimming like movement 

both are motile appendage containing microtubules

thin rods that functions in miscle ameboid movement, cytoplasmic streaming and support of microvili

support cell shape and fix organelles in place

embedded in lipid bilayer

attached to membrane surface

solution outside has higher concentration than the inside

solution outside has a lower concentration, water enters cell

concentrations inside and outside are equal

transport vesicels migrate to plasma membrane fuse with it and release content 

molecules enter cell within vesicel that winds inward from the plasma membrane

whole genetic material of cell

pportionated dna of one dna molecule

complex of dna and associated proteins, existent in different condensation states

two identical dna molecules, which are condensed and coined together for cell division

one set of chromosomes

two set of chromosomes

division of nucleus

division of cytoplasm

two sets of chromosomes, one from vather one from mother

gametes, one single set of chromosomes

sister chromatids gets doubled and seperated inwo tweo new cells with sister chromatids

separates the sister chromatids

=4 cells with haploid chromosomes

two different alleles, expression of dominat allel

identical alleles, are true breeding

heterozygote phenotyp is intermediate between the two homozygotes phenotypes

both phenotypes are expressed in in heterozygotes

some genes have more than two alleles

one gene affects more than one phenotyp character

phenotypic expression of one gene affects the expression of another gene

a single phenotypic character is affected by two or mole genes

cross between heterozygote and homozygote

cros between two heterozygotes

each parent is heterozygotes for two gene

trait mus be zecessive and both parents heterozygotes

is likely domant

all offspring show trait