Scientific methodology

is a summery of the frequency of individual values or range of values for a variable.

-displayed as table or graph

The central tendency of a distribution is an estimate of the center of a distribution of values

-Mean

-Median

-Mode

add up all values and devide by the number of values

15,15,15,20,20,21,25,36: Meean 20.875

is the score to find the exact middle of a set of values

15,15,15,20,20,21,25,36 : Median 20

is the most freqently occuring value in a set of scrores

15,15,15,20,20,21,25,36 : Mode 15

Dispersion refers to the spread of the values around the central tendency

range- highest minus lowest value  - 15,15,15,20,20,21,25,36 : 36 - 15 = 21

standard deviation -> extra card

is a more accurate and detailed estimate of dispersion and a single outlier couldn't exaggerate this value. it shows the relation that the set of scores has to the mean of sample

(sum((values - Mean)^2))/number of values-1 =variance

SQRT(variance) = standard deviation

is the systematic empirical investigation of observable phenomena via statistical, mathematical or computational techniques

is explaining phenomena by collecting numerical data that are analysed using mathematical based methods

survey - weather conducted online, by phone, in person

observation -which may either involve counting number of times that a phenomenon occurs

secondary data - 

using wide range of statistical techniques

simple graph

show data through tests of correlation between two or more items

-respondents may provide inaccurate or false information
- they will say what the researcher want to hear
its generally hard for a researcher to take distance to his own research, so he is a part of the research

control groups will be used to determine independent variables.

The control group has to include individuals who are similar to the experimantal group in terms of 

age, gender, race or other

positive/negative control groups

is a group which will seperated from the rest of the experiment where the independent variables will be tested

are groups, where the conditions of the experiment are set to cause a negative outcome, where no phenomenon is expected

are groups, where the conditions of an experiment are set to guarantee a positive result, where a phenomenon is expected

is a research combiantion with two control group (pretest-posttest)

the various combination of tested/untested groups and controlgroups allows the researcher to ensure that confounding variables and factors have not an influence to the results

during the solomon 4 group designed, every factor of research could be controlled

-enough resources and time to use 4 groups

-statistic involved is extremlely complex

-large budget and extensive team of researchers

Observation

description - information must be reliable

prediction - information must be valid for observations

control - eleminateing the influence of extraneous variables

a variable that is part of the situation that exist from which originates the stimulus given to a dependent variable

a variable that receives stimulus and measured for the effect the treatment has had upon it

is a process of defining the measurement of a phenomenon that is not directly measurable,

is a process for getting permission before conducting a healthcare intervention on a person, or for disclosing personal informatio

ethical treatment

debriefing - post experimental interview, dehoaxing, desensitizing

difficult if terminating study early, connection with study breaks

take care of getting contact information

In statistical hypothesis testing,^[1][2] a result has statistical significance when it is very unlikely to have occurred given the null hypothesis

is the best prediction of the outcome and must be capable to be rejected or confirmed

is any statistical relationship between variables. It's not needed, that they have any causality between each other but to validate a causality we need a correlation

the extent to which a measurement gives consistent results

-wil I get same results with another test? 

- will i get same results if  measurement will be done by other person

-statistical methods to estimate reliability

the extent to which a concept, conclusion or measurement is well-founded and corresponds accurately to the real world