Immunologie
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Flashcards
Innate antwort
-epithelia and antibiotics inside it
-phagocytes
-NK cells (specialized lymphocytes)
-compliment
purpose innate
- first defense
- regulate the strength/activate adaptive
purpose of adaptive
recognize antigens (infectiuous and non infectious)
-innate doesnt recognize non infectious
mechanism adaptive
uses components of innate (eg phagocytosis)
-in cell -> T-lymphoctes
-out ot cell -> Antibodies
antigen
substance recognized by adaptive IS (so by lymphocytes)
humoral vs cell mediated immunity
B-lymphocytes: humoral
T-lymphocytes: cell mediated
mature lymphocyte
lymphocyte that can fight off infection, maturation occurs in generative (=primar) lymphoid organs:
B-lymphocyte: matures in bone marrow
T-lymphocyte: matures in thymus
primary vs secondary immune response
primary: naive lymphocytes (are mature) see antigen for first time and respond
secondary: memory lymphocytes see antigen again and respond
Antigen Receptors
T-Lymphocytes: TCR's
B-Lymphocytes: Antibodies
Lymphocytes
T-Lymphocytes
B-Lymphocytes
NK-cells
activation of naive antigen-specific lymphocytes
signal and second signal cause proliferation into:
-effector cells
-memory cells
CD4+ T-cells: function
Secrete cytokines, activating macrophages and B-Lymphocytes
- B-Lymphocytes containing AB for the CD4+ helper cells antigen are activated
professional APC's
1.) Present Antigen to T cells and 2.) provide second signal
- Dendritic cells
- also some macrophages and others can be proffesional APC's
APC's
- In epithelia, GIT, respiratory tract etc. where microbes can come in
- show Antigens to T cells
Effector cells
- T-Lymphocytes: cytotoxic, helper
- B-lymphocytes after activtion
- Macrophages
- Granulocytes
primary lymphoid organs
aka. generative lymphoid organs
-maturate lymphocytes
- Bone Marrow and Tyhmus
secondary lymphoid organs
aka. peripheral lymphoid organs
-mount adaptive immune response
-organized in a way that antigen and cells meet necessary cells (eg antigen + t-helper -> B-lymp.)
-antigen response in: lymphe
Cutaneous and Mucousous lymphoid organs
Lymphoid organs that collect antigens that breached epithelia (skin, gut, lung etc). whereas spleen and lymph nodes collect blood bound/ lymphatic antigens.
-tonsils, peyers patches
-under epithelia of skin, GIT and respiratory tracts
spleen
Dendritic cells and macrophages destroy microbes (clensing effect) and concentrate their antigens (immune resonse effect)
- antigen response in: blood
Spatial organisation of Lymphocytes in Lymphnodes
B-Lymphocytes: follicles (edge) |attracted there by chemokines (a type of cytokine)
T-Lymphocytes: in paracortex (inside)
Lymphocyte activation in lymph nodes
Chemokine receptors are no longer expressed after activation by an antigen and T and B cells are now loose. they migrate to the edge of a follice where they meet and are activated by t-helper cells. they then leave into the lymp stream.
-same principle for the spleen but they leave into the blood
Type III hypersensitivity reaction
(Allergic reacrion)
3 parts: Antigen , Antibody and inocent bystander cell
- Antibody-antigen complex settle on a epithelial barrier (blood vessel endothel, kidney, BBB etc.)
- complexes usualy broken down by macrophagws if they are stuck
PD1
Programmed death 1 is a protein on surface of immume cells that act as an off switch to regulate them
Exhausted immune cell
Immune cell that has become bad at its job.
