Waste

+:

• large market of stable, continuous demand 
• easy access to wide energy distribution network 
• wide variety of viable technologies
• high installed capacity is impossible 

-: 

• high capital, operating and maintenance costs 
• high demand for biogas pretreatment

The Wobbe-Index or Wobbe  number is an indicator of the interchange ability of fuel gases (e.g. CH4).

It is often determined in the specifications of gas supply utilities. 

If two fuels have identical WI then for given pressure and valve settings the energy output will be identical. 

Typically variationd of up to 5% are allowed as these would not be noticeable to the consumer. 

• Pollution of the environment 
• entanglement of or ingestion by animals 
• transport of POP
• interference with biological functions 
• danger from human health 

• PET (Polyethylen Terephtalate) e.g. PET bottles for soft drinks 
• HDPE (high density polyethylene) e.g. Plastic containers and pipes 
• PVC (polyvinylchloride) e.g. Sewage pipes and synthetic window frames
• LDPE (low density polyethylene) e.g. Soft plastic such as cling film, plastic drycleaner covers, carry bags 
• PP (polypropylene) e.g. Plastic furniture, jerry cans, car parts bottle tops 
• PS (polystyrene) e.g. Disposable cups, meat trays, packaging for electronics 
• Miscellaneous and mixed synthetics e.g. PC(polycarbonate), PU (Polyurethane), acrylics, polyamide, bioplastics and many other combinations 

macro:

>5mm --> bags, bottles, nets, plates etc

origin: coastal tourism, recreation & commercial fishing, marine vessels and industries, indirect waste disposal, combined sewer overflow 

micro:

<5mm --> fragments, Fiber, granules, pellets etc

origin: fragmentation and photo-oxidation of macroplastic, personal care and cosmetic products (PCCPs), air blasting, plastic leachate, textile and clothing 

nano:

<1ûm

origin: further fragmentation of microplastic, adhesives and coatings, redispersible lattices, waterborne paints

Soil is a solid earth material that has been altered by physical, chemical and organic processes so that it can support rooted plant life.

it is the outer loose earth material which is distinctly different from the underlying bedrock and the region which support plant life. 

Engineering Definition: anything that can be removed without blasting 

Climate:

the greater the rainfall amount, the more rapid the rate of both waethering and erosion. 

organisms:

native vegetation, weathering is dependent of plant growth, plant and animal activity produces humic acids that are powerful weathering agents, plants can physically as well as chemically break down rocks, plants stabilize soil profiles, animals tend to increase erosion. 

parental material 

chemistry, mineralogy, grain size 

topography

ground slope, elevation, aspect 

the location of a soil on a landscape can affect how the climatic processes impact it

time

time affects development and destruction of soil profiles, typical reaction rates are slow, the longer a rock unit has been exposed, the more likely it is to be weathered.

minerals 45%: sand, silt, clay

organic 5%

water 25%

air 25%

breakdown of soil organic matter to form soluble compounds that can be absorbed or leached.

depends on: quantity of input, location of input (roots vs. leaves), environment(temperature, moisture)

Physical: is the process when rocks are broken down into smaller rocks, particles and eventually soils.( freezing and thawing, heating and cooling, wetting and drying, grinding, movement of glacier)

chemical:

is the process when rocks and minerals are broken down into different materials by chemical reactions

(hydrolysis, oxidation, acid rains, carbonation, organic acids)

reserves: data are dynamic because they depend on the quantity of material that is mined, and new deposits ("recently discovered") contribute to increase their amount 

deposits are currently exploited and explored in detail. 

Resources: an aggregation of solid, liquid or gaseous material in the earths crust in form and amount which makes potentially feasible its extraction. 

Marginally explored.

Wet chemical leaching / extraction: acid leaching, alkaline leaching

electro-dialytic extraction 

thermo-chemical 

bioleaching

1.Waste avoidance

2. Re-use

3. Material recovery

4. Thermal recovery 

5. Waste disposal 

Waste-->delivery/storage-->pretreatment-->mixing-->rotting-->posttreatment--> compost 

Mesophilic Phase: slightly rotted material

thernophilic phase: fresh compost

cooling phase: finished compost

maturing phase: matured compost

Recycling

-> landfill, Compositing, incineration

Waste--->Screening 40mm (--> manual sorting >40mm ) ---> screening 10 mm (--> manual sorting 10-40mm) --> organics/minerals >10mm

bulk Fraction >40mm

middle fraction 10-40mm

fine waste <10mm

government (Sets waste policy & national targets)

province or regional level (prepares & implements detailed strategies for delivering national targets)

municipal Level ( carries out waste management operations (collection and perhaps disposal) determines costs, control tenders for Service delivery)

Sanitation

landfills produce greenhouse gases like methane, co2

Environmental criteria: distance from rivers, wells, Springs, drinking water wells, ground water)

economical criteria: distance from city, Land use (Cost), distance from roads of other Means of transport

social-cultural-criteria: distance from residential area, historical Sites , Wind direction

Biological treatment:

adsorption

oxidation

ultra-/nanofiltration

collection:

horizontal wells or vertical drains

Embedded in coarse inert material, e.g. Gravel

utilization: for Energy recovery, otherwise Flaring

heat and electric Energy production

Enhanced waste degradation

maximisation of landfill Gas utilization

reduction of Aftercare Phase 

-->measures: defined leachate re-circulation under widely Controlled condotions (base and surface sealing, leachate and LFG Controlling Systems)! Increasing water content and water flux

Def: stepwise enzymatic degradation of organic substances under anserobic conditions.

The endproduct is an Energy rich Biogas and a residue of digestate. The biogas is mainly composed of methane and carbon dioxide.

Methane CH4

carbon dioxide CO2

water H2O

nitrogen, Hydrogen,ammonia

Hydrolisis --> enzymatic process, where water molecule is Splitting The organic macro-molecule in smaller units

acidification--> Processing of the hydrolyzation products to volatile fatty acids, Ethanol,H2 etc

acetogenesis:  Formation of acetate (H2, CO2, acetic acid)

methagonesis --> Process to Biogas ( CH4, CO2)

Temperature --> diff groups of digestive organisms have different and partly very narrow optima

Speed and gas formation increases with temperature 

water content: no gas production under 20%, optimum gas production 91-98%

dissolved nutrients are better available at higher water contents, but increase in water content leads to higher volumes which have to be treated 

substrate structure:

reduction of particle size to: enlarge surface for microbial attacks and increase availability of substrates 

results of particle size reduction: 

--> higher Biogas yield 

--> decreasing amount of residues

--> reduction of digestion time 

Nutrients, ph value, buffer capacity 

Mesophilic: 33-45 grad

thermophilic: 55-60grad

A biological degradation and transformation process for organic substances und aerobic conditions by a variety of microbs and maybe other small organisms. 

It leads to the evolution of heat, the formation of carbon dioxide and water. A humus rich compost is generated as a product.