IVR Chapter 6 3D Interaction Techniques

Questions about the lecture 'Introduction to Virtual Reality' of the RWTH Aachen Chapter 6 3D Interaction Techniques

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These flashcards cover advanced 3D interaction techniques at the university level, focusing on tasks, object manipulation, and user navigation. They explore various travel techniques like steering, route-planning, and target-based methods, along with physical locomotion strategies such as real walking, walking-in-place, and redirected walking. The flashcards also delve into system controls, wayfinding aids, and the characteristics of different interaction methods. This set is ideal for computer science students or professionals looking to deepen their understanding of 3D interaction principles and applications.

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Informatik

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03.02.2017 / 09.02.2017

Ähnliche Karteien

What are the characteristics of magic barrier tape?

[steering.techniques.travel.navigation.3D interaction, 2]

1. Tape appears if user reaches tracking limits

2. Push against tape for movement

What is the definition of route-planning?

[techniques.travel.navigation.3D interaction, 3]

1. User plans route via draw or markers

2. Automatic collision-free path generation

3. System carries out the plan (River analogy)

What are the characteristics of route-planning?

[techniques.travel.navigation.3D interaction, 2]

1. Focus on other tasks

2. Low degree of control on traveling

What is the definition of target-based travel?

[techniques.travel.navigation.3D interaction]

Move to specific position

Which speed choices do we have?

[target-based.techniques.travel.navigation.3D interaction, 3]

1. Linear

2. Sinusoidal/polynomial (slow-in, slow-out)

3. Exponential speed based on distance

Which techniques exsit for target-based travel?

[techniques.travel.navigation.3D interaction, 5]

1. Teleportation

2. Continuous movement to target

3. ZoomBack

4. World-in-miniature (WIM)

5. Travel using portals

What are the characteristics of teleportation?

[target-based.techniques.travel.navigation.3D interaction, 2]

1. No cyber sickness

2. Decreasing spatial orientation

What are the characteristics of continuous movement to target?

[target-based.techniques.travel.navigation.3D interaction, 2]

1. Maintain spatial orientation

2. Increases cyber sickness

How does ZoomBack works?

[target-based.techniques.travel.navigation.3D interaction, 4]

1. Requires two-state button B₁ and B₂

2. B₁ pressed moves user to target

3. B₁ released returns user to original position

4. B₂ pressed moves user finally to target

How does World-in-miniature (WIM) works?

[target-based.techniques.travel.navigation.3D interaction, 3]

1. Select target position

2. Drag avatar to target position

3. Usually animate travel using WIM

How does travel using portals works?

[target-based.techniques.travel.navigation.3D interaction, 4]

1. Two distant points connected via portals

2. Choose destination portal via e.g. WIM

3. Travel by real walking

4. Travel over any distance in constant time

What are the characteristics of wayfinding?

[navigation.3D interaction, 4]

1. Cognitive process

2. Spatial knowledge is required

3. Reference frames from egocentric and exocentric information

4. During motion, matching of egocentric information and exocentric map

What does spatial knowledge contains?

[wayfinding.navigation.3D interaction, 3]

1. Landmark as visually prominent spots

2. Procedural as sequences of actions to reach target

3. Survey as object locations, distances, orientations

Which cues exist?

[wayfinding.navigation.3D interaction, 3]

1. Large FoV via optical flow

2. Vestibular via walking

3. Audio environmental sounds

Which aids exist?

[wayfinding.navigation.3D interaction, 2]

1. Real-world environment design

2. Artificial cues with overlay marks or directions

How does the system react on tasks performed by users?

[system control.3D interaction, 3]

1. Particular function

2. Change of interaction mode

3. Change of system state

What holds for 2D UIs controls?

[system control.3D interaction]

Can not be adapted for 3D UIs

Which 3D UIs controls exist?

[system control.3D interaction, 4]

1. Graphical menus

2. Voice command

3. Gestural command

4. Tool

Which graphical menus exist?

[3D UIs controls.system control.3D interaction, 5]

1. Adapted 2D menus

2. 1 DoF menus

3. Three-up, labels in palm (TULIP) menus

4. 3D widgets as command and control cube, e xtended pie menus

5. Mobile devices

What are the characteristics?

[redir walking.physical locomotions.techniques.travel.navigation.3D interaction, 3]

1. Fixed path designs are difficult due to lack of knowledge about users path

2. If path of user is known, user would not traverse path perfectly

3. Change of rotation gain instantly (instead over time) increases noticeability → smaller gains

What is the definition of 3D Interaction (3DI) by Bowman et al. 2004?

Tastatur-Befehle:

= drehen,

= vor-/rückwärts,

= scrollen

“Human-computer interaction with performing tasks directly in the 3D spatial context”

What are the characteristics of 3D Interaction (3DI) by Bowman et al. 2004? [3]

Tastatur-Befehle:

= drehen,

= vor-/rückwärts,

= scrollen

1. Does not necessarily require 3D input device

2. Described by the human transfer function

3. Make natural interaction in VEs

What is the definition of the human transfer function for 3D Interaction (3DI) by Bowman et al. 2004? [4]

Tastatur-Befehle:

= drehen,

= vor-/rückwärts,

= scrollen

1. User with percepts → user goals

2. Input device with user goals → actions → signals

3. System with signals → system goals

4. Output device with system goals → display → percepts

What are examples for input devices in the human transfer function for 3D Interaction (3DI) by Bowman et al. 2004? [2]

Tastatur-Befehle:

= drehen,

= vor-/rückwärts,

= scrollen

1. 6-DoF

2. Gloves

What are examples for output devices in the human transfer function for 3D Interaction (3DI) by Bowman et al. 2004? [3]

Tastatur-Befehle:

= drehen,

= vor-/rückwärts,

= scrollen

1. Displays

2. Loudspeakers

3. Haptic devices

How to realize natural interaction in VEs for 3D Interaction (3DI) by Bowman et al. 2004? [4]

Tastatur-Befehle:

= drehen,

= vor-/rückwärts,

= scrollen

1. Travel (Walk and drive)

2. Selection and manipulation (Grasp and place)

3. Mappings are intuitive but sometimes limited

4. Ergonomic?

What is the definition of 3D User interface (3DUI)?

Tastatur-Befehle:

= drehen,

= vor-/rückwärts,

= scrollen

“UI involving 3DI”

What is the characteristic of 3D User interface (3DUI)? [1]

Tastatur-Befehle:

= drehen,

= vor-/rückwärts,

= scrollen

3D graphics does not necessarily uses 3DUI

What is the definition of 3D Interaction technique (3DIT)?

Tastatur-Befehle:

= drehen,

= vor-/rückwärts,

= scrollen

“Method for accomplishing a given task in the 3DUI”

What does 3D Interaction technique (3DIT) consists of? [2]

Tastatur-Befehle:

= drehen,

= vor-/rückwärts,

= scrollen

1. HW with input/output devices

2. SW components with map system actions to input/output devices (So-called “control-display mapping”)

What is the definition of an interaction metaphor?

“Mental model of a technique”

What is the characteristic of an interaction metaphor? [1]

Several techniques can be different implementation of same metaphor

What is a fundamental task for physical and virtual environments in 3D interaction?

Manipulation

What are the two possible manipulation tasks in 3D interaction? [2]

1. Canonical and 2. application-specific tasks

What are the characteristics of canonical task?

[manipulation.3D interaction, 4]

1. Simple

2. Generally applicable

3. Object selection

4. Object manipulation

What are the substeps of object selection?

[canonical tasks.manipulation.3D interaction, 3]

1. Indication

2. Confirmation

3. Feedback

What are the characteristics of object selection?

[canonical tasks.manipulation.3D interaction, 2]

1. “One and only” technique does not exist

2. Combination of techniques required (e.g. in flapAssist)

Which possibilities exist for indication?

[object selection.canonical tasks.manipulation.3D interaction, 4]

1. Occlusion

2. Touching

3. Pointing

4. Indirect selection

How to perform touching?

[indication. object selection.canonical tasks.manipulation.3D interaction, 3]

1. By virtual hand or cursor

2. Natural way of identification

3. Only for limited distance

Which possibilities exist for pointing?

[indication. object selection.canonical tasks.manipulation.3D interaction, 5]

1. Standard

2. Two input devices

3. Flashlight with extend by cone

4. IntenSelect

5. Image-Plane

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What is the definition of 3D Interaction (3DI) by Bowman et al. 2004?

“Human-computer interaction with performing tasks directly in the 3D spatial context”

What are the characteristics of 3D Interaction (3DI) by Bowman et al. 2004? [3]

1. Does not necessarily require 3D input device

2. Described by the human transfer function

3. Make natural interaction in VEs

What is the definition of the human transfer function for 3D Interaction (3DI) by Bowman et al. 2004? [4]

1. User with percepts → user goals

2. Input device with user goals → actions → signals

3. System with signals → system goals

4. Output device with system goals → display → percepts

What are examples for input devices in the human transfer function for 3D Interaction (3DI) by Bowman et al. 2004? [2]

1. 6-DoF

2. Gloves

What are examples for output devices in the human transfer function for 3D Interaction (3DI) by Bowman et al. 2004? [3]

1. Displays

2. Loudspeakers

3. Haptic devices

How to realize natural interaction in VEs for 3D Interaction (3DI) by Bowman et al. 2004? [4]

1. Travel (Walk and drive)

2. Selection and manipulation (Grasp and place)

3. Mappings are intuitive but sometimes limited

4. Ergonomic?

What is the definition of 3D User interface (3DUI)?

“UI involving 3DI”

What is the characteristic of 3D User interface (3DUI)? [1]

3D graphics does not necessarily uses 3DUI

What is the definition of 3D Interaction technique (3DIT)?

“Method for accomplishing a given task in the 3DUI”

What does 3D Interaction technique (3DIT) consists of? [2]

1. HW with input/output devices

2. SW components with map system actions to input/output devices (So-called “control-display mapping”)

What is the definition of an interaction metaphor?

“Mental model of a technique”

What is the characteristic of an interaction metaphor? [1]

Several techniques can be different implementation of same metaphor

What is a fundamental task for physical and virtual environments in 3D interaction?

Manipulation

What are the two possible manipulation tasks in 3D interaction? [2]

1. Canonical and 2. application-specific tasks

What are the characteristics of canonical task?

[manipulation.3D interaction, 4]

1. Simple

2. Generally applicable

3. Object selection

4. Object manipulation

What are the substeps of object selection?

[canonical tasks.manipulation.3D interaction, 3]

1. Indication

2. Confirmation

3. Feedback

What are the characteristics of object selection?

[canonical tasks.manipulation.3D interaction, 2]

1. “One and only” technique does not exist

2. Combination of techniques required (e.g. in flapAssist)

Which possibilities exist for indication?

[object selection.canonical tasks.manipulation.3D interaction, 4]

1. Occlusion

2. Touching

3. Pointing

4. Indirect selection

How to perform touching?

[indication. object selection.canonical tasks.manipulation.3D interaction, 3]

1. By virtual hand or cursor

2. Natural way of identification

3. Only for limited distance

Which possibilities exist for pointing?

[indication. object selection.canonical tasks.manipulation.3D interaction, 5]

1. Standard

2. Two input devices

3. Flashlight with extend by cone

4. IntenSelect

5. Image-Plane

How does standard works?

[pointing.indication. object selection.canonical tasks.manipulation.3D interaction, 2]

1. Virtual ray from input device

2. Closest intersected candidate selected

What are the characteristics for standard?

[pointing.indication. object selection.canonical tasks.manipulation.3D interaction, 5]

1. Easy

2. Accurate at close range

3. High angular accuracy needed

4. Jitter problematic

5. Hard for small for far-away objects

What are the characteristics for two input devices?

[pointing.indication. object selection.canonical tasks.manipulation.3D interaction, 5]

1. More accurate

2. High pointer length

3. Complicated

4. Cumbersome to use

5. Fatigue

How does flashlight works?

[pointing.indication. object selection.canonical tasks.manipulation.3D interaction, 3]

1. Illuminating even if not hit

2. Indicating closest to center line

3. Extend cone aperture by viewpoint v and hand cursor h

What are the characteristics for flashlight?

[pointing.indication. object selection.canonical tasks.manipulation.3D interaction, 2]

1. High precision

2. More control but complicated to use and to compute (including v and h)

What is IntenSelect based on?

[pointing.indication. object selection.canonical tasks.manipulation.3D interaction]

Ranking based on spatial matching and temporal consistency

What are the steps of IntenSelect?

[pointing.indication. object selection.canonical tasks.manipulation.3D interaction, 4]

1. Select volume test

2. Score contribution between [0,1]

3. Score accumulation

4. User feedback

What has to be done for step one select volume test?

[IntenSelect.pointing.indication. object selection.canonical tasks.manipulation.3D interaction, 5]

1. Test point membership in cone

2. b_cone half angle of cone

3. a angle of center to point

4. d_proj distance from view to cone center

5. d_perp distance from cone center to point

What has to be done for step two score contribution?

[IntenSelect.pointing.indication. object selection.canonical tasks.manipulation.3D interaction, 4]

1. First s_contrib= 1- a/b_cone

2. Second s_contrib= 1- arctan(d_perp/d_proj^k)/b_conewith e.g. k=0.8

3. With second, closer objects are benefited

4. With k shape angular score distribution, low k further narrow it in the distance

What has to be done for step three score accumulation?

[IntenSelect.pointing.indication. object selection.canonical tasks.manipulation.3D interaction, 2]

1. Accumulate over time s_total(t) = s_total(t-1)*c_s+s_contrib(t)*c_gwith stickiness c_c “rate of decay” and snappiness c_g “rate of growth”

2. Choose object with highest total score

What has to be done for step four user feedback?

[IntenSelect.pointing.indication. object selection.canonical tasks.manipulation.3D interaction, 2]

1. Bent ray

2. Highlight selected object

What are the characteristics of IntenSelect?

[pointing.indication. object selection.canonical tasks.manipulation.3D interaction, 4]

1. Small, crowded, moving objects

2. Default or special purpose scoring

3. Only works for objects approximated by points, lines

4. Large object in background would get full scoring, thus avoiding selection of small objects in front

How does image-plane works?

[pointing.indication. object selection.canonical tasks.manipulation.3D interaction, 5]

1. Interaction with 2D projection of 3D object

2. Sticky finger

3. Head crusher

4. Lifting palm

5. Framing hands

What is the characteristic for image-plane?

[pointing.indication. object selection.canonical tasks.manipulation.3D interaction, 1]

No distance

Which possibilities exist for confirmation?

[object selection.canonical tasks.manipulation.3D interaction, 4]

1. Event

2. Gesture

3. Voice command

4. No explicit command

Which possibilities exist for feedback?

[object selection.canonical tasks.manipulation.3D interaction, 4]

1. Text/symbolic

2. Aural

3. Visual

4. Force/tactile

What is the idea of object manipulation?

[canonical tasks.manipulation.3D interaction]

Change position and/or orientation

Which possibilities exist for object manipulation?

[canonical tasks.manipulation.3D interaction, 6]

1. Virtual hand (VH)

2. Go-Go

3. Hand-centered object manipulation extending ray-casting (HOMER)

4. Voodoo dolls

5. World-in-miniature (WIM)

6. Grasping

How does the virtual hand works?

[object manipulation.canonical tasks.manipulation.3D interaction, 3]

1. Simple or realistic with so-called avatar

2. Direct mapping between RH and VH with linear position P_V=a*P_r + P_offset and direct orientation O_V=O_r

3. Grasped object attached to VH and experiences translation and rotation

What is the disadvantage of virtual hand?

[object manipulation.canonical tasks.manipulation.3D interaction]

Limited distance

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IVR Chapter 6 3D Interaction Techniques

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