Verkehr III
ETHZ
ETHZ
Fichier Détails
Cartes-fiches | 38 |
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Langue | Deutsch |
Catégorie | Code de la route |
Niveau | Université |
Crée / Actualisé | 04.01.2017 / 23.01.2018 |
Lien de web |
https://card2brain.ch/box/20170104_verkehr_iii
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What can be said about the number of deaths compared to the degree of motorization in a country
As the degree of motorization increases, there is a decrease in the number of deaths per registered vehicle
possible countermeasures so crashes are avoided
- red light cameras for intersection crashes
- rumble strips on highways
- street lights at night
important points to consider to correctly evaluate the effectiveness of a countermeasure
- need crash data from before the implementation and after the implementation
- need crash data from a control location (crash rates can change for many reasons)
- need to measure effects long enough after the implementation to avoid the novelty effect
typical applications of:
- flexible pavement
- rigid pavement
Flexible pavement:
- traffic lanes
- auxiliary lanes
- ramps
- parking areas
- frontage roads
- shoulders
Rigid pavement
- high volume traffic lanes
- freeway to freeway connections
- exit ramps with heavy traffic
- under overpass which needs clearance
- slow, and stop-go traffic (bus station, intersection)
Advantages and disadvantages to flexible pavement
advantage:
- adjusts to limited differential settlement
- easily repaired
- additional thickness added any time
- non-skid properties do not deteriorate
- quieter and smoother
- allow for a greater temperature variation
disadvantage
- loses some flexibility and cohesion with time
- needs resurfacing sooner than rigid concrete
- not normally chosen where water is expected
Advantages and disadvantages to rigid pavement
advantage:
- good durability
- long service life
- can withstand repeated flooding and subsurface water without deterioration
disadvantage:
- may lose non skid surface with time
- needs even subgrade with uniform settling
- may fault at transverse joints
- requires frequent joint maintenance
pavement distress with:
- flexible pavement
- rigid pavement
flexible pavement:
- fatigue cracking
- rutting
- thermal cracking
- other mechanisms, asphalt concrete mix distresses
rigid pavement:
- tensile stresses crack concrete slabs
- environment-related mechanisms causing tensile stresses
- load related mechanisms
- environment and load stresses are additive
What is performance?
performance is defined as serviceability or reliability of the infrastructure
types of rehabilitation
- maintenance - patching or sealing cracks
- repair - adding a layer of asphalt overlay
- reconstruction - tearing down the existing infrastructure and building a new one
types of measurements
traffic measurements:
- cross-section measurements (flows) [traffic volume per time]
- directional flows in a small scale [traffic flow per time]
- directional flows in a large scale [traffic flow per time]
surveys:
- surveys
measurements in stationary traffic:
- counts [parking offers, parking time, trip purpose, occupancy rate]
- survey
pros and cons of fixed sensors
pros:
- high experience, high potential and quality
- mature technologies
- accurate traffic flow and speed
- no car positioning error
cons:
- expensive to install and mantain
- limited coverage
- low travel time accuracy
- low precision for urban areas
- can be affected by bad weather conditions
pros and cons of FCD (cellular phones)
pros:
- large coverage area
- low costs compared to conventional systems
- high quality data
- well suited to urban areas
- integration of data with existing sources
- easy to implement
- not affected by adverse weather
cons:
- sophisticated processing data
- cost of communication
- arrangements between actors are necessary
- R&D efforts still required
- privacy concerns
pros and cons of naturalistic driving data
pros:
- large amounts of data, including hard to get information
- high quality / accurate individual vehicle data
- not affected by weather conditions
- large coverage, well suited to urban areas
cons:
- very expensive to install and maintain
- limited number of test vehicles
- non-mature technology, low experience
- R&D efforts still required
What percentage of Swiss households had at least one private car in 2005?
International comparison between swiss and american networks
Name four human factors which affect driver characteristics
- Vision or visual reception
- Hearing perception
- Magnitudes
- Quickness
How is the reaction to a stimulus divided?
PIEV - perception-reaction process
- Perception
- Interpretation
- Emotion-Decision
- Volition-Reaction
- What are PIEV times used for?
- What are the typical PIEV times determined from research?
- Sight distances
- Safe approach speeds at intersections and interchanges
- Timing of signals at railroad crossing
- Traffic signal change intervals
0.5 to 0.75 seconds for most driving tasks up to 4.0 seconds for complex driving tasks
What's the reaction time to break
1430 ms
What are the requirements for the power of a vehicle? What resistance does it have to overcome?
- Air resistance
- Rolling resistance
- Curve resistance
- Grade resistance
What are the general vehicle classes?
- Passenger cars
- Buses
- Trucks
- Recreational vehicles
How is a facility designed?
The largest vehicle to use the facility with considerable frequency is used.
Its
- weight
- dimensions
- operating characteristics
are used to establish the design standards
Elements of horizontal alignment
- Straight
- Horizontal curve
- Transition curve (Übergangskurve)
What's typical for transition curves
- placed between tangents (or straights) and horizontal curves
- gradual increase or decrease in radial forces
- typically spiral in shape
What are the general design recommnedations for horizontal alignment
- flowing line that generally conforms to natural contours in preferable
- minimize use of short curves
- long tangents needed on two-lane highways to provide passing sight distance
- avoid compound curves
- avoid abrupt reversals in alignment
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