Genetik 2_RNA Transcription and Processing

A reaction found largely in eukaryotes that removes introns and joins together exons in RNA.

The name of a popular theory that RNA must have been the genetic material in the first cells because only RNA is known to both encode genetic information and catalyze biological reactions.

The first example of catalytic RNA. In this case, an intron that can be removed from a transcript without the aid of a protein enzyme.

A bacterial protein that, as part of the RNA polymerase holoenzyme, recognizes the -10 and -35 regions of bacterial promoters, thus positioning the holoenzyme to initiate transcription correctly at the start site. The Sigma factor dissociates from the holoenzyme before RNA synthesis.

siRNA. Short double-stranded RNAs produced by the cleavage of long double-stranded RNAs by Dicer.

snRNA. Any of several short RNAs found in the eukaryotic nucleus, where they assist in RNA processing events.

The ribonucleoprotein processing complex that removes introns from eukaryotic mRNAs.

A reaction that removes introns and joins together exons in RNA.

TBP. A general transcription factor that binds to TATA box and assists in attracting other general transcription factors and RNA polymerase II to eukaryotic promoters.

A DNA sequence found in many eukaryotic genes that is located about 30 bp upstream of the transcription start site.

The last stage of transcription, it results in the release of the RNA and RNA polymerase from the DNA template.

The RNA molecule copied from the DNA template strand by RNA polymerase.

The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template.

The site at which the double helix is unwound so that RNA polymerase can use one of the DNA strands as a template for RNA synthesis.

A class of small RNA molecules that bear specific AS to the ribosome in the course of translation. An AS is inserted into the growing polypeptide chain when the anticodon of the corresponding tRNA paits with a codon on the mRNA being translated.

A gene that has been modified by externally applied recombinant DNA techniques and reintroduced into the genome by germ-line transformation.

The region of the RNA transcript at the 3' end downstream of the site of translation termination.

The region of the RNA transcript at the 5' end upstream of the translation start site.

refers to DNA or RNA sequence located on the 5' side of a point of reference.

A pyrimidine base in RNA in place of the thymine found in DNA.

A special structure, consisting of a 7-methylguanosine residue linked to the transcript by three phosphate groups, that is added in the nucleus to the 5' end of eukaryotic mRNA. The cap protects an mRNA from degradation and is required for translation of the mRNA in the cytoplasm.

CTD. The protein tail of the Beta subunit of RNA polymerase II. It coordinates the processing of eukaryotic pre-mRNA including capping, splicing, and termination.

The nontemplate strand of DNA molecule having the same sequence as that in the RNA transcript.

The nucleotide sequence of a segment of DNA that is in agreement with most sequence reads of the same segment from different individuals.

Chromosomal regions of permanently condensed chromatin usually around the telomeres and centromeres.

An epigenetic phenomenon whereby a transgene becomes reversibly inactivated along with the gene copy in the chromosome.

The simultaneous transcription and processing of eukaryotic pre-mRNA.

A protein complex that recognizes long double-stranded RNA molecules and cleaves them into double-stranded siRNAs. Dicer plays a key role in RNA interference.

dsRNA, An RNA molecule comprised of 2 complementary strands

A way to describe the relative location of a site in a DNA or RNA molecule. A downstream site is located closer to the 3' end of a transcription unit.

The stage of transcription that follows initiation and precedes termination.

A gene that is normally present in an organism, in contrast with foreign gene from a different organism that might be introduced by transgenic techniques.

Any nonintron section of the coding sequence of a gene, together, the exons correspond to the mRNA that is translated into protein.

An RNA type that plays a role without being translated.

The process by which a gene's DNA sequence is transcribed into RNA and, for protein-coding genes, into polypeptide.

GTF. A eukaryotic protein complex that doesnt take part in RNA synthesis but binds to the promoter region to attract and correctly position RNA polymerase II for transcription initiation.

A gene that is not expressed owing to epigenetic regulation. Unlike genes that are mutant due to DNA sequence alterations, genes inactivated by silencing can be reactivated.

A popular term for a transgenic organism, especially applied to transgenic agricultural organisms.

So named because the GU and AG dinucleotides are almost always at the 5' and 3' ends, respectively, of introns, where they are recognized by components of the spliceosome.