TBPP_Blood and Plasma

red blood cells: transport O2 and CO2, red bone marrow as source. White blood cells: fight infection, remove dying cells, destroy cancer. red bone marrow as source. Platelets: aid hemostasis, red bone marrow as source. water: maintains blood volume and transport, in intestine. plasma proteins: maintain blood osmotic pressure and pH/blood volume, transport, fight infection and coagulation, in liver. salts: maintain blood osmotic pressure, aid metabolism, in intestine. gases: cellular respiration, in lungs/tissues. nutrients: food, in intestine. nitrogenous wastes: excretion by kidneys, in liver. other: aid metabolism.

granular leukocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils) and agranular leukocytes (Lymphocytes, Monocytes). Neutrophils: phagocytize pathogens, Eosinophils: phagocytize antigen-antibody complexes and allergens, basophils: release histamine and heparin which promote blood flow to injured tissues, lymphocytes: specific immunity, monocytes: become macrophages that phagocytize pathogens and cellular debris.

from sea water to interstitial fluid (Zwischenräume): transport of nutrients and gases (into and out of the cell), composition of electrolytes still the same as in sea water.

gas transport (O2, CO2), nutrient transport (supply of cells with metabolite intermediates), transport o catabolites, homoeostasis (pH, heat, liquid, electrolyte), defense against foreign compounds, coagulation after injury, communication between cells/tissues (hormones).

insecta: open circulatory system, Hemocyanin (in the center: Cu instead of iron, interactions with 4 his, Cu-O2-Cu) as oxygen-transporting protein, respiration with trachea, blood and lymph not separated, first immune cells and antimicrobiological proteins. annelida (worm): closed circulatory system, small branch vessels in each organ, blood and lymph separated (higher pressure and faster circulation), hemoglobin free as 24-mer, perctutaneous respiration (skin). fish: respiratory capillaries (gills) and first erythrocytes but with a nuclei. allows increase of body mass. human: erythrocytes without nuclei, blood vessels also located in the bones.

in the bone marrow (spongy bone). Erythropoiesis: in erythroblastic islands, pluripotents stem cells --> burst-forming unit-erythroid cells (7 days) --> colony forming cells and proerythroblasts (4-5 days) --> erythroblasts and reticulocytes (7 days) --> red blood cells (1-2 days). 2 Mio. new erythrocytes per second, 120 days lifetime, total 25 x 10^12 (25% of cells), removal by macrophages.

albumin (40-50 g/L): colloid osmotic pressure, pH buffer, transport of insoluble molecules. Proteins of complement system: innate immune system. Immunglobulines (8-10g/L): humoral immune response. Fibrinogen and clotting factors: clotting system. Lipoproteins and transferrin: transport proteins.

symbol of life and fertility, as carrier of vigor/primordial matter of life, mythology: human beeing created from blood of gods, old testament: human consist of blood and flesh

1628: discovery of blood circulation, 1667: first transfusion of animal blood, 1819: first human to human transfusion, 1901: discovery of blood groups (AB0-System), 1914: discovery of sodium citrate for blood conservations, 1960: subdivision of blood into components (targeted treatment, optimal use of blood donations)

1. Cohn and Edsall: preparation and fractionation of plasma, generation of large amounts of albumin and gamma globulin during 2. WK. 2. Behring: using an unusual rivanol precipitation technique, discovered numerous human plasma proteins. 3. Uni Bern: Nitschmann and Kistler, optimized fractionation process getting high yields of IgG and albumin (1950)