1.1 Bone and Connective Tissue
Part1 Basic Anatomy & Mechanics
Part1 Basic Anatomy & Mechanics
What substance makes up two thirds of the weight of bone?
Calcium phospahate crystals
What substance makes up one thirds of the weight of bone?
- Collagen fibres,
- other calcium salts
- cells
Name four cells found in cortical bone tissue
- Osseous tissue
- Osteoblasts
- Osteoclast
- Osteoprogenitors
What constitutes the PNS
(Peripheral nervous system)
- inclludes all the neural tissue outside the CNS
- provides sensory information to CNS
- carry motor commands to peripheral tissues and systems
Describe what a sensory nerve does
- transmit afferent impulses from the periphery of the body to the spinal cord and to the brain
- interpreted as touch, heat, cold, taste and sight
Describe what a motor nerve does
- convey efferent impulses from the brain and spinal cord to other parts of the body
- simulating the contraction of all muscles and glandular secretion
- damage to a motor nerve cuases paralysis of those muscles
Labe the following drawing of a nerve cell
- Dendrites
- Cell body
- Axon
- Sanaptic terminals
What constitutes the CNS
- Concists of the brain and spinal cord
- responsible for integrating, processing and co-ordinating sensory data and motor commands
- seat of higher functions, such as inteligence
What are the four functions of the nervous system?
- Providing information about the internal and external environments
- Integrating sensory information
- Co-ordinating voluntary and involuntary motor activities
- Controlling and regulating other tissues and systems
What are the two types of bone and what are their differences?
Cortical Bone
- found in the shafts of long bones
- strong tabular structure required
Cancellous Bone
- present at the expanded ends of long bones
- lightness, strengt and area
- articulate with other skeletal elements
Label the following diagram:
- Trabeculae
- Osteons
- Vein
- Artery
What is the name of the thick membrane that surrounds bone?
What are the three functions of it?
Periosteum
- Isolate the bone from the surrounding tissues
- Provide a route for circulatory an nervous supply
- Actively participate in bone growth and repair
Name the two major forms of ossification and where they occour:
Intramembranous Ossification
- roofing bones of the skull
- the mandible
- clavicle
= dermal bones
Endochondral Ossification
in long bones or limb bones
What typte of bone growth increases the diameter of a growing bone?
Appositional Bone Growth
What is the funtion of the epiphyseal plates found at the ends of growing bones?
the shaft grows longer but the epiphyseal plate survives - the bone epand
Name the three types of cartilage and give examples of their locations:
Hyaline Cartilage
- Between the tips of the ribs and the bones of the sternum
- covering bone survaces at synovial joints
- supporting the larynx, the trachea, and bronchi
- forming part of the nasal septum
Elastic Cartilage
- Pinna of the external ear
- tip of the nose
- epiglottis
Fibrocartilage
- Intervertebral discs separating the vertebrae
- menisci of the knee joint
- between the bubic bones of the pelvis
Cartilage is avascular
True or False?
Non-Elastic Ligaments
- Bind together the articalr ends of bones and cartilage
- facilitate or limit motion
- contain significant numbers of elastic fibres (collagen fibres)
- can tolerate a limited amount of stretching
- found in the knee elbow and wrist
Elastic Ligaments
- can tolerate more stretching than non-elastic ligaments
- found along the spinal column
- stabilising the positions of the vertebrea
What are the four stages of fracture healing?
- bleeding into the area creates a fracture hematoma
- Spongy bone of internal callus, Cartilage of external callus
- cartilage of the external callus has been replaced by bone
- Swelling will be remodeled by the combined action of steoblasts and osteoclast
What is an aponeurosis?
- Collagenous sheets or ribbons that resemble flat, brad tendons
- Cover the survace of a muscle
- assist in attaching superficial muscles to another muscle or separate structure
Name the three layers of muscle tissue
- mysium (body of muscle)
- central perimysium (internal compartments, contains bundle of fibres)
- inner endomysium (surrounds each skeletal muscle fibre)
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Cartes-fiches
What substance makes up two thirds of the weight of bone?
Calcium phospahate crystals
What substance makes up one thirds of the weight of bone?
- Collagen fibres,
- other calcium salts
- cells
Name four cells found in cortical bone tissue
- Osseous tissue
- Osteoblasts
- Osteoclast
- Osteoprogenitors
What constitutes the PNS
(Peripheral nervous system)
- inclludes all the neural tissue outside the CNS
- provides sensory information to CNS
- carry motor commands to peripheral tissues and systems
Describe what a sensory nerve does
- transmit afferent impulses from the periphery of the body to the spinal cord and to the brain
- interpreted as touch, heat, cold, taste and sight
Describe what a motor nerve does
- convey efferent impulses from the brain and spinal cord to other parts of the body
- simulating the contraction of all muscles and glandular secretion
- damage to a motor nerve cuases paralysis of those muscles
Labe the following drawing of a nerve cell
- Dendrites
- Cell body
- Axon
- Sanaptic terminals
What constitutes the CNS
- Concists of the brain and spinal cord
- responsible for integrating, processing and co-ordinating sensory data and motor commands
- seat of higher functions, such as inteligence
What are the four functions of the nervous system?
- Providing information about the internal and external environments
- Integrating sensory information
- Co-ordinating voluntary and involuntary motor activities
- Controlling and regulating other tissues and systems
What are the two types of bone and what are their differences?
Cortical Bone
- found in the shafts of long bones
- strong tabular structure required
Cancellous Bone
- present at the expanded ends of long bones
- lightness, strengt and area
- articulate with other skeletal elements
Label the following diagram:
- Trabeculae
- Osteons
- Vein
- Artery
What is the name of the thick membrane that surrounds bone?
What are the three functions of it?
Periosteum
- Isolate the bone from the surrounding tissues
- Provide a route for circulatory an nervous supply
- Actively participate in bone growth and repair
Name the two major forms of ossification and where they occour:
Intramembranous Ossification
- roofing bones of the skull
- the mandible
- clavicle
= dermal bones
Endochondral Ossification
in long bones or limb bones
What typte of bone growth increases the diameter of a growing bone?
Appositional Bone Growth
What is the funtion of the epiphyseal plates found at the ends of growing bones?
the shaft grows longer but the epiphyseal plate survives - the bone epand
Name the three types of cartilage and give examples of their locations:
Hyaline Cartilage
- Between the tips of the ribs and the bones of the sternum
- covering bone survaces at synovial joints
- supporting the larynx, the trachea, and bronchi
- forming part of the nasal septum
Elastic Cartilage
- Pinna of the external ear
- tip of the nose
- epiglottis
Fibrocartilage
- Intervertebral discs separating the vertebrae
- menisci of the knee joint
- between the bubic bones of the pelvis
Cartilage is avascular
True or False?
Non-Elastic Ligaments
- Bind together the articalr ends of bones and cartilage
- facilitate or limit motion
- contain significant numbers of elastic fibres (collagen fibres)
- can tolerate a limited amount of stretching
- found in the knee elbow and wrist
Elastic Ligaments
- can tolerate more stretching than non-elastic ligaments
- found along the spinal column
- stabilising the positions of the vertebrea
What are the four stages of fracture healing?
- bleeding into the area creates a fracture hematoma
- Spongy bone of internal callus, Cartilage of external callus
- cartilage of the external callus has been replaced by bone
- Swelling will be remodeled by the combined action of steoblasts and osteoclast
What is an aponeurosis?
- Collagenous sheets or ribbons that resemble flat, brad tendons
- Cover the survace of a muscle
- assist in attaching superficial muscles to another muscle or separate structure
Name the three layers of muscle tissue
- mysium (body of muscle)
- central perimysium (internal compartments, contains bundle of fibres)
- inner endomysium (surrounds each skeletal muscle fibre)
