Pilotenausbildung: Radio Navigation
Prep für ATPL
Prep für ATPL
Fichier Détails
| Cartes-fiches | 53 |
|---|---|
| Utilisateurs | 10 |
| Langue | English |
| Catégorie | Culture générale |
| Niveau | Autres |
| Crée / Actualisé | 28.08.2012 / 06.08.2023 |
| Lien de web |
https://card2brain.ch/box/pilotenausbildung_radio_navigation
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Speed of radio wave
300´000´000 m/s ; 161´800 NM/s
Radio wave formula
velocity of propagation (c) = fequency (Hz) x wavelength (m)
NDB (frequencies)
190-1750 kHz
HF Communication (frequencies)
2-25 MHz
ILS Marker (frequencies)
75 MHz
ILS Localiser (frequencies)
108-112 MHz
VOR (frequencies)
108-118 MHz
VHF Communication (frequencies)
118-137 MHz
ILS Glide Slope (frequencies)
328,6-335,4 MHz
DME (frequencies)
960-1215 MHz
SSR/TCAS (frequencies)
1030-1090 MHz
Radio Altimeter (frequencies)
4200-4400 MHz
MLS (frequencies)
5031-5091 MHz
Weather Radar (frequencies)
9375 MHz
Radio Frequency Band (Eselsbrücke)
VLF, LF, MF, HF, VHF, UHF, SHF, EHF
steps are: 3-30-300-3-30-300 kHz-MHz-GHz
VHF: 30-300 MHz
Definition: Attenuation
Attenuation is the reduction of signal strength due to absorbtion, scattering and geometrical dispersion.
Amplitude Modulation (AM)
carrier wave is changed in the length of its amplitude. The frequency remains constant.
Frequency Modulation (FM)
The frequency is modulated and the amplitude remains constant.
Phase Modulation
This type of modulation is used by transmissions of digital signals and codes (00010110011011)
Pulse Modulation
Switching on and of the carrier wave. Morsing by transmitting the carrier wave pulses.
Ground waves
- follow the curvature of the earth
- due to diffraction
- well beyond visible horizon
Sky waves
- waves are returned by the refraction in the ionosphere
The D layer
- 50-100km
- principle source of attenuation of LF and MF waves
- refraction of VLF waves during daylight
The E layer
- 100-150km
- at night it becomes weeker and sometimes disapears completely
The F layer
- 150km-1000km
- two parts (F1=150-300km; F2=300-1000km)
- at night F1 and F2 combine to one layer 300-600km
Maximum Theoretical Range (Direct waves)
MTR = 1.23 x (WURZEL tansmitter height + WURZEL receiver height)
Emergency frequency
121,5
VHF Communication
Range and Errors
Range is affected by:
- atmospheric refraction
- transmitter power
- intervening terrain
Sources of errors:
- ground reflections
- synchonous transmissions
Types of NDBs
- Locator Beacon: 15NM, N0N A2A
- Airways/Route Beacon: 25-50NM, N0N A2A
- Long-Range Beacons: 100-200NM, N0N A1A
Errors of the ADF
- Quadrantal Error: The metal components of the aircraft behaves as an aerial and absorb signals.
- Dip (Bank) Error: In turns, the fixed loop antenna detects a signal.
- Costal Refraction:
- Sky Waves (Night) Effect: GSignal and SWSignal at the same time (at dawn and dusk)
- Range
- Noise: other than the desired signal
- Thunderstorms
- Multipath signal (Mountain Effect)
- Identing A1A Beacon
- Accuracy +/- 5grad
VOR Range
up to 200NM
Frequencies VOR - ILS Localiser
even frequencies: ILS Localiser (eg 112.10, 112.15, 112.30,...)
odd frequencies: VOR (eg 112.20, 112.25, 112.40,...)
VOR (Cone of Silence & Accuracy)
- CoS: The signal is reliable from the surface up to 40 degrees elevation
- Accuracy: +/- 5 degrees
(Airways max distance between two VORs to remain within the accuracy: 120NM)
DME (Frequencies, channels and spacing)
- UHF Band 960-1215 MHz
- 252 channels (126Y and 126X)
- spacing between interrogation and reply: 63MHz
DME Range
up to 200-300NM
DME Accuracy
+/- 0.25NM (+0.2NM by the equipment built after 1989)
DME identification
- once every 40 seconds
- at 1350 MHz
ILS localiser lobes
from approaching aircraft´s sight
left: Yellow sector, 90 Hz tone
right: Blue sector, 150 Hz tone
ILS Localiser Range
To each side of the centreline:
10 degrees for 25NM
35 degrees for 17NM
GP Coverage
to each side of the centreline:
8 degrees up to 10NM
vertical coverage:
from 0.45 x glide path angle to 1.75 x glide path angle
