Phonetics and Phonology

•stress falls on one particular syllable, with the exception of

    Long words (example: gealic word for potato)

impossible to predict stress placement

here, the stress pattern has to be learned for each individual word

short vowels no coda

all the others

composed of either a long vowel or diphtong, with or without coda, or a short vowel with coda.

-ette

kitchenette

stressed to suffix

e.g. –ic, -ity and –al,  move the stress on the base to which they attach one syllable to the right

electricity comapred to electric, parental compared to parent

•e,g. French

    timing is based on the syllable per se: an equal amount of time is devoted to each (MacMahon  2010: 214)

•e.g. English:

    timing is allocated on the basis of the distribution of stressed syllables

the smallest phonological  unit containing an element that receives stress.  A

foot minimally consist in one syllable (cf. second line), but can also consist in a

word with a stressed and an unstressed syllable (RAI-der) or a larger phrase

occuring between short pauses that has one stressed syllable and one or more

unstressed ones (the CAT; is IN-ter-es-ted).

words whose main function is semantic (referential to extra-linguistic reality)

have at least one stressed syllable

nouns, verbs, adjectives, possesive pronouns, adverbs, auxiliary verbs contracted with not, interrogatives(where,when)

tend to receive major stress on the first element, secondary stress on the

second  one.

have a particle that looks like a preposition, but functions as part of the verb:

     turn  ON, get BY, put OFF.   The major  stress is on the particle

stress is never on the preposition

   believe in, listen to

are unstressed

articvles, prepositions, personal pronouns, possesive adjectives(my, your, her), demonstratives(this,that), relative pronouns, conjunctions

are both content words and thus stressed

acoustic phonetics

fricatives

defective distribution

length

morphological conditioning

the variety of English is AE. Standard AE is rhotic because "r" is pronounced in all environments.

nucleus/vowel

The study of the production, physical manifestation and perceiption of sounds

The study of structural disrtribution of sounds within a given linguistic system:

- which sounds are part of the inventory of a language? (ex: sounds that English has but German doesn't)

- whicih sound sequences are possible within a language? (comp. German and English again)

- what are typical features of stress, rhythm and intonation of a language?

If the replacement results in a change of meaning, the [sound] is classified as a /phoneme/ --> the smallest meaning-differentiating unit within a language.

The relationship between a symbol and a sound or concept it stands for.

Like "the letter a", a phoneme is an abstraction realised in many different forms.

When acquiring a second language, a new phoneme is easier to learn than a new distribution rule / a new phoneme contrast.

Why?

Easier to fill a previously unoccupied gap in a system that it is to re-arange a system (cognetivly in general terms)

- difficult to hear a difference that does not have a meaning-differentiatting function in one's NL (and therfore ignored on a daily basis)

defined by te relation between the respective movable speech organs, also called active articulator, and the immovable speech organ, called passive articulator.

1. stops (plosives) : complete blockage of airflow followed by sudden release --> /p/ /t/, /k/   /b/,/d/, /g/

2. fricatives: airstream is forced through a narrow gap, causing friction --> /f/, /s/ /ʃ/, /v/, /z/ /ʒ/

3. affricates: subclass of fricatives, start out as stops and "envolve" into fricatives --> /tʃ/ in chin, /dʒ/ in gin

4. approximants: articulators don't approach closely enough to produce audible friction. Quality of the respective sounds is produced as a result of the way the shape of the oral cavity is altered. --> /j/ in yes, /w/ in wet, /r/ in red, /l/ in let

bilibial - /p/; /b/; /m/; /w/ -> "wet" (using both lips)

labioldental - /v/ -> "vison" /f/ (upper teeth touches lower lips)

dental - /θ/ -> "think' /ð/ -> "that" (tongue touches teeth)

alveolar - / n/; /l/; /d/; /t/; /s/; /z/ (tongue touches alveloar ridge)

post-alveolar - /r/ -> "ring' (tounge is right behind the alveolar ridge)

palato-alveolar - /ʃ/; /tʃ/; /ʒ/; /dʒ/ (tongue is between alveolar ridge and hard palate)

palatal - /j/ ->"yes" (tounge touches hard palate)

velar - /g/; /k/; /ŋ/ -> "ring" (back of tongue touches soft palate)

glottal -  /h/ -> glottal fricative; /?/ -> glottal stop

A unit in a neutralized position

The label is the capital letter variant of the phoneme that is on the now neutralized feature when the vaiants are not neutralized /T/ [+oral, +stop, +aveolar, 0 voice]

It lists all the feature that the neutralized set of phonemes have in common as + and the ones that have been neutralized as 0.

Which of the following words contain arounded vowel?
   put  grey  seek  hook  grew  hoe  hold
  Which of the following words contain a front vowel?
   see  seat  met  tap  throw  tape  through
Which of the following words contain a central vowel?
  about  put  luck  hit  purse  father  kept
Which of the following words contain a high vowel?
  see  seat  steak  throw  list  lost  through
Which of the following words contain a high back vowel?
  put  love  hit  heat  luck  look  food –all „u“ sounds

2)      a) -> they are all mid vowels

         b) -> they are all high and front vowels

- again, as with consonants: Necessay, but not sufficient, criteria for establishing allophonic relationships

Nasalized / non nasalized vowels are in complementary distribution, but that isn't a suficient citerion.

- sufficient criteria are: frontness, length, height and roundness.

Phonoloy above the segment of the phoneme is useful for

- understanding some phonological processes, such as the aspiration of voicless plosives

- determing stress within a word

- describing the prosody (speech melody) of loner streches of speech