Phonetics and Phonology

they are in complementary constitution

no change in meaning occurs when you substitute one for another --> only odd pronounciation

a new phoneme is easier to learn than a new distributional rule/ an new phoneme contrast

1) (origin and) direction of airstream --> initiated by the lungs (all consonants)

                                                                         outwards: egressive, used for production of consonants

                                                                          inwards: ingressive, used for voice disguise in some languages

2) Vocal fold action:  opening and closing: voiced

                                     remain apart: voiceless

3) escape of airstream : oral vs. nasal

4) manner of articulation

oral: when velum is raised, it blocks access to the nose, making airstream escape through mouth

nasal: when velum is lowered, air escapes through nose

defined by the relation between the active and passive articulator

complete blockage of airflow followed by sudden release

all English stops with phoneme status are plosives

stops produced on an outward-bound airstream

/p/ /b/ /k/ /t/ /g/  /d/

articulators approaching closely but no complete blockage of airstream

airstream is forced through narrow gap, causing friction

/f/ /s/ /sch/ --> hissing sound

/v/ /z/ /ch/ --> buzzing sound

start out as stops and evolve as fricatives

/tsch/  chin    /dsch/  gin

articulators do not approach closely enough to produce friction

air can flow relatively freely

quality of respective sounds is produced as aresult the way the shape of the oral cavity is altered

/j/  yes     /w/  wet    /r/  red

lateral: /l/ only phoneme in English with lateral airflow

central: airflow is moving centrally through oral cavity    --> all English phonemes

using both lips

/b/ /m/ /p/

/w/ has to places: bilabial and velar

bottom lip touches upper teeth

/f/ /v/

tongue touches teeth

throne   the

tongue touches alveolar-ridge

/t/ /d/ /n/ /s/ /z/ /r/ /l/

tongue touches adjoining area of alveolum and palate

/tsch/   /dsch/

tongue touches palate

/j/  yes

tongue touches velum

/k/ /g/ /ng/ ring

articulators are vocal folds

glottal fricative   /h/   through partial obstruction

glottal stop   /?/   through complete obstruction

phonetic constraints:  restriction on permissible clusters  /v/ and /m/ can never be first element of initial cluster

defective distribution:  restriction on position within a word a phoneme can occupy  /z mit haken/ des not appear- word-initially

vowels have a smaller range of articulation and only one matter of articulation (approximate) and two places (palate, velum)

height, frontness, roundness, length, tense/lax, monophtong vs. diphtong

degree to which tongue is raised during production

high vowels: tongue is raised most towards the roof of the mouth  kit, fleece, foot, goose

low vowels: tongue is lowered in production  lot, trap (AE)

mid vowels: tongue is raised half-way: dress, about

specifies which part of the tongue is raised

front: front of tongue is raised towards hard palate  kit, fleece, trap (AE), dress, face(diphtong)

back: have back of tongue raised towards velum  lot, foot, goose, pillow

central: have central part of tongue raised to area where palate borders velum   about, nurse(AE), strut

whether or not lips are rounded

rounding: English has 6 rounded vowels, majority of back and high vowels are rounded

                    foot, goose, lot(BE), thought(BE), pillow, goat(BE)

relative amount of time spent producing vowel

vowels in fleece, goose, goat, thought, palm, nurse are long in both standard varieties of English

AE has two additional: pillow, lot

shrot vowels: kit, dress, trap, foot, about, strut

goes along with length, describing the effort involved in articulation

specififes whether the end point is identical with the starting point of the vowel or different

idealized description, vowel chart

work for comparing vowels within one variety of English

are used to compare vowels across varieties

processby which an otherwise robust and regular contrast between two sets of phonemes is neutralized, or suspended in a particular context

phenomenon of a particular sequence of (derivational) morphemes requiring a vowel change in the base of a word

devine-devinity  sane-sanity  serene-serenity

happens with suffixation

specific way of speaking

ex.: German speaker´s individual replacement of compounds by genitive constructions (Beckenrand-Rand des Beckens)