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Kartei Details
| Karten | 185 |
|---|---|
| Sprache | Deutsch |
| Kategorie | Biologie |
| Stufe | Grundschule |
| Erstellt / Aktualisiert | 15.04.2015 / 26.05.2015 |
| Weblink |
https://card2brain.ch/box/organic_plant_production
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What is false seed bed preparation?
> harrow before sowing
> weed seeds germinate
> plants are removed
> sowing
Weed control conv. vs. organic
conv.: presowing: gylphosate (unselective herbicide) >> post-sowing: selective herbicide
org.: pre-sowing (seed-beed-prearation) >>> pre-emergence: blind harrow >> post emergance: hoe, harrow
Wheat classes and their use
A + E for bread making
B in mixture also for bread making
Ck for Cookies
Correlation between protein content and yield
high yield >>> low protein content
correlation row distance and protein content
higher row distance >> higher protein content
Quality criteria for cereals
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Which mycotoxins do you know? Which problems do they cause?
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How to avoid Fusariummycotoxins in Organic Farming
(No fungicides permitted!)
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Why using hybrids? + Negative aspect
Heterosis: F1 generation does outperform the parents (herosis)
disadvantage: F2 is very diverse
Breeding types of plants
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Breeding types of plants
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Buying seeds vs. reusing seeds
Reusing: (-) seeds need to be prepared (cleaning etc.)
(-) fee must be paid to the breeding company
maize and sugarbeet are usually grown as hybrids
What are semi-dwarf varieties? Are they suitable for organic farming?
Extra short varieties. POROBLEM: soil born diseases
Why making tillage?
- land clearing
- weed control
- seed bed preparation
- root penetration
- water drainage
- aeration
What is this?
Spring tine cultivator / chisel plough
What is this?
A harrow: used to make the upper soil layer finer
Tillag events (conventional tillage)
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Conventional tillage (Stubble tillage)
Coltivator, harrows
>> Lossening and mixing (10-20cm)
>> Weed and volunteer contole, incooperation of residues, stops evaporation, seadbed preparation for catch crop
Primary Tillage: Implement + Operation + Effect
Plough
>>Inversion and loosening of the soil
>> weed control, increased mineralization, incooperating of residues or manure
Seedbed preparation
Harrow
>> crumbling, consolidating (festigen
>> water and oxygen supply for germination, physical growing conditions for seedlings
Possible negative effects of ploughing
- erosion
- disturbance of soil organisms
- deep layer with crop residues
- crusting
Advantages and disadvantages of Conventional Tillage (with moldboard plough)
+ enhances mineralization
+ effective weed control
- higher erosion
- reduces SOM
- disturbance of soil organisms
- crusting
- labour and energy consuming
What is conservation tillage? + Events on the fields
> 30% of the soil is covered with mulch
Implement, Operation and Effect of stubble tilage, primary tiallage and seedbed preparation in conservation tillage
primary tillage with rigid tine cultivator
Event in zero-tillage / direct seeding
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What is false seedbed preparation?
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Why three years of clover grass?
- In the first year clover is less competetive >> longer for good weed suppression
- implementation of a good plant stand takes time >> can be used for feed
- better N fixation
N Mineralization curve
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Vertical distribution of (weed) seeds in the soil by tillage
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R: Options for reduced tillage in OF I
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R: Options for reduced tillage in OF II
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Advantages of conservation tillage
+ better soil sturcture
+ lessen energy and labour required
+ carbon sequestration
+ water storage
+ more soil life activity
+ better trafficability (low compaction)
- less aeration
- higher weed pressure
- reduced mineralization
Quality criteria of cereals
Product quality
-Sensory properties: colour, scent, flavour
-Nutrient value: carbohydrates, protein, fat, fibre, minerals
-Food safety: absence of residues from pesticides, heavy metals, mycotoxins
Technical quality(processing): depending on use:
milling, bread making quality, starch, protein
Emotional quality
-Absence of GMOs
-Environmental protection
-Animal welfare
Aims and restrictions of organic wheat production
Aims
-High bread making quality
-Control and increase of N-supply
-Healthy plants/low mycotoxin content
Restrictions in organic farming
-Nearly no readily available N-fertilizers
-Poor control of timing of N-mineralization
-No chemical-synthetic fungicides
Maycotoxins of fusarium ssp
•DON: Deoxynivanelol
•ZEA: Zearalenone
Mycotoxin levels in organic vs. conventional
no clear tendency
Give reasons why organic wheat is not more mycotoxin infected than conventional wheat, although fungicides are not permitted.
Reasons
-Soil inversion by the mouldboard plough
-Long crop rotation
-Fast maturation of organic wheat compared to conventional wheat
