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Set of flashcards Details
| Flashcards | 185 |
|---|---|
| Language | Deutsch |
| Category | Biology |
| Level | Primary School |
| Created / Updated | 15.04.2015 / 26.05.2015 |
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How to increase soil organic matter:
-Green manure
-Apply compost and farm yard manure
-Pruning from trees (N-fixating trees), hedgerows
-Do not burn the stubble, retain crop residues on the field
-Reduce soil tillage intensity
-Avoid soil erosion
Differnet mixed cropping systems
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Ratoon cropping
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The cultivation of an additional crop (such as sugarcane) from the regrowth of stubbles of a main crop after its harvest, thereby avoiding replanting
Relay cropping
A form of intercropping of two or more crops in a sequence, usually by planting the succeeding crop after the flowering but before the harvesting of the preceding crop.
Sequential cropping
Growing of two or more crops in a sequence, planting a succeeding crop after the harvesting of the previous one, within one year.
Milpa system effects of the tree sisters
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Give examples for (random) mixed cropping systems and state preconditions therefore
- oats + peas
- rye + vetch
- barley + lentils
same sowing time, compromise in sowing depth, same harvesting time, same machinery, sorting, same season partners (winter + winter crop)
Agroforestry: How to influence canopy shape?
- pruning
- genotype
Different effects of different canopy shapes
tall >> windbreaker
big / wide >> shade
Agroforestry: How to influence the shape of the root system
- genotype
- seeding (>tap root) / grafting (>shallow roots)
- pruning (deep tillage) >> deep roots
- fertilizing / irrigating >> shallow roots
Differnet effects of different root systems
deep root system >> water/ nutrient pump
shallow root system >> reduced soil erosion
If an intercropping system brings higher total yield what can you assume about the iner- and intraspecific competition
both species suffer less from interspecific than from intraspecific competition in case of beneficial effects
How to calculate the land equivalent ratio?
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Effects of crop diversity in mixed cropping systems
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Mechanisms affecting pathogens, insect pests and weeds in mixed cropping systems
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Name abiotic factors
- light
- temperature
- water
Relation of light exposure (daylengst) and development / yield
long day: fast development, less spikelets (lower yield)
short day: slow development, more spikelets (higher yield)
Relation of respiration, photosynthesis, apparent photosynthesis according to temperature
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R: Role of vernalization
Winter crops need vernalization for the introduction of flowering
= cold period (2-4C)
What is Gravitational (or transmission) water
-Water that percolates 48 h after rainfall
-Moves through soil due to gravitational forces
What is Capillary water:?
Water that is held in the soil against the force of gravity in small soil pores (capillaries)
Field capacity:
All water that can, has drained from the soil by gravity
Permanent wilting point:
Soil is so dry that plants cannot expend enough energy to extract any more water from the soil
Saturation, Field Capacity and Permanent Wilting Point in different Soil types
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Size and content of soil pores
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How to calculate soil water storage capacity
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R: Hydraulic conductivity of soil
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R:Ratio of transpiration (T) and potential evapotranspiration (ETp) as effect of LAI (Leaf Area Index) for oats. No linear slope due to shading of leaves.
Michael Beck Diss. 2000, Berlin, after (EHLERS 1991) . J. agric. Sci., Cambridge. 116, S.183-190 )
Effect of wind on plant transpiration
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Relation of Leaf-Area-Index, Soil evaporation, Crop transpiration
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what is water use efficiency?
g DM / water
What does the transpiration coefficient measure?
L water to produce 1 kg crop dry matter
Aim of agricultural cereal production
High quality, high yield, high net return, environmental quality
Quality:
-bread making/milling quality/pasta quality
-nutritive value
-taste
Give the names
wheat, spelt, rye, 2-rowed barley, 4-rowed barley
Give the names
www.foodnews.ch/x-plainmefood/20_lebensmittel/Getreide.html, visited 6/2006
oats, oats, maize, maize, rice
Growth stages of cereals
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Why are too many tillers not good
lower yield, lower quality, inequal hight and ripening
Yield components of winter wheat
-ear-bearing stalks m-2
-number of grains per ear
-mass of the grains (TKM: 'Thousand Kernel Mass‘; in gram, g)
Temporally split N fertilization (Conventional Farming)
In which phase and why?
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Why to fertilize? How is it done in organic?
-Replacement of
-nutrient removal/export by plants
-nutrient losses
-Mineral (N, P, K, Ca, Mg and micro-nutrients), not permitted in organic farming by readily available fertilizers
-Organic (slurry, farm yard manure, green manure, harvest residues): fresh or composted
-Usually slow release of nutrients in organic fertilisers (mineralisation of organically bond N!); some forms of N are immediately available (NH4 in slurry)
