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Set of flashcards Details
| Flashcards | 185 |
|---|---|
| Language | Deutsch |
| Category | Biology |
| Level | Primary School |
| Created / Updated | 15.04.2015 / 26.05.2015 |
| Weblink |
https://card2brain.ch/box/organic_plant_production
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Major problems for grain legume prodcution
- frost after sowing
- high temperature at flowering
- rainfall at maturity
- low economic competetiveness
Weed management
(-) Pulses have low competetiveness
harrow: requires sufficient crop development, weeds need to be samll
hoe: only in the row, imrpoving soil structure
Differnet sowing depths for grain legumes
deep: 5-7cm for hypogeal (cotyledons stay below the ground)
shallow: 2-4cm epigeal (cotyledons emerge)
Pic: Tim Fehr
Sowing date for grain legumes
Temp: >0C for germination, low <0 tolerated
early in spring
(+) higher yield potential
late in spring
(+) false seed bed preparation possible
(-) risk: late ripening, lower yield
Soybean: latin name, utilization, climate
Glycine may
- Oil
- animal feed (crush grain), toasting required
- human nutrition
- hot climate
Faba bean = Field bean: Latin name, utilization, climate
Vicia faba
- Animal feed (kernels, whole plant silage)
- Human nutrition
- temperate climate
Pea: latin name, utilization, ideotypes
Pisum sativum
- green or mature seed for human nutrition
- seeds or whole plant for animal nutrition
semi-leafless: less suceptible to lodging
White clover: latin name, characteristic
Trifolium repens
- creeping habit > grazin resistant
Red clover: latin name, characteristics
Trifolum pratense
- not grazing resistant (>grass mixture)
- deep tap root
- critical: strong winter
Alfalfa = Lucerne: latin Name, characteristics, climate
Medicago sativa
- high protein content
- high yield
- deep tap root
- continetal climate (winter frost, summer dryness)
Characteristics of grain legumes: untilization, development stage at harvest
- cropped for their seeds
- harvested at maturity
- cropped for human or animal nutrition
- rich in protein and energy
Characteristics of forage legumes: utilization, development stage at harvest, cropping system, growing time
- Whole crop can be fed to animals // green manure
- Harvested before maturity
- Often grwon in mixtures (>>better grazing compensation)
- Grazing or sequential cutting (1-4/year)
- Not self-compatible: break (~5 years)
When is Rizobia inoculation done and how?
Especially if legumes are planted for the first time
>> solid or water suspension
>> seed or soil application
Process of N fixation
1.) Legume roots release Flavonoids as signal
2.) Flavonoids induces expresstion of nodulation genes in the bacteria
3.) Production of species-specific Nod-factor molecules
4.) Nod factor induces nodulate formation and root curling
5.) Bacteria can invade the root hair >> plant provides Malate for bacteria as energy supply > Bacteria releases NH3
Name some common catch crops
Phacelia: phacelia tanacetifolia
Mustard: Sinapis alba
Oil radish: Raphanus sativus
Short Portraits fo main crops from central Europe
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Problems of Oilseed Rape production
- Low N availability after cereal straw input (relativly high N demand)
- Seed dispersal at harvest >> volunteers (long dormancy)
- Fungal diseases
- Damage by insects
- Low frost tolerance (better with lower crop density)
- Sowing time (farmer is busy)
- Menchanical weed control causes weed damage (not very problematic)
Advantages of Oilseed Rape production
- Brings diversity into the rotation
- 11 month soil cover >>prevents from leaching
- Attractive for pollinators
Yield and Yield components of Oilseed Rape
around 4t/ha
- Plants/m2
- Pods/plant
- Seeds/pod
- TKM
Latin name: Couch grass
Elymus repens
Latin name: Field horse tail
Equisetum arvense
Latin name: Canada thisle
Cirsium arvense
Latin name: Dock
Rumex
Latin name: Chamomle
Matricaria chmomilla
Poppy
Papaver rhoeas
